Transcript 硕士研究生论文阶段的培养标准与要求

1896
专业英语
Lecture 2
肖 凯
2015年3月
1935
1987
2006
Lecture Structure
Publishing a Paper
Working on Literature Review
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Publishing a Paper (1)
Definition: Scientific Research
—A Scientific Research is:
A detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover
(new) information or reach a (new) understanding and a
paper as a piece of writing on a particular subject written by
an expert and usually published in a book or journal, or read
aloud to other people.
---Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary
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Definition: Scientific Research Paper
—A Scientific Research Paper is:
A written report describing original research
results.
Its format has been defined by centuries of
developing tradition, editorial practice, scientific
ethics and the interplay with printing and
publishing services.
The result of this process is that virtually every
scientific paper has a title, abstract, introduction
(&/or background), materials (&/or data),
methods, results, discussion (evaluation) and
conclusion.
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Purpose
— Ideally
• to share research findings and discoveries with the hope of
improvement
— Practically
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to graduate smoothly
to learn more
to show your knowledge and strength
to get more professional comments and suggestions
to guide your current and future research
to be used as the first draft for your final dissertation/thesis
to get scholarship for higher education (in the future)
to get a job, to get promoted, to keep your job (in the future)
to get funding (in the future)
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Structure
A paper is like a more strictly structured essay
General structure: AIMRDC or Aim-RDC
—Abstract
—Introduction
—Methods
—Results
—Discussion
— Conclusion
Literature Cited / Reference
Acknowledgement (optional)
Appendices (optional)
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Abstract – one sentence on each
— Motivation
Why it was done and what is the problem being addressed?
— Methods
What and in which way did you do?
— Key Results
What did you find out?
— Conclusions
What do the results mean?
Do not exceed 3 sentences on any one.
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Always Bear in Mind:
— The most critical part of paper
— State main objective
— Try to avoid acronyms (if have to, remember to put original
phrases at least once, followed by a quoted acronym.
Repeat this in the paper body)
e.g. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
— Write and rewrite until flawless
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A Badly Written Abstract:
This paper presents and assesses a framework for an
engineering capstone design program. We explain how student
preparation, project selection, and instructor mentorship are the
three key elements that must be addressed before the capstone
experience is ready for the students. Next, we describe a way to
administer and execute the capstone design experience
including design workshops and lead engineers. We describe
the importance in assessing the capstone design experience and
report recent assessment results of our framework. We
comment specifically on what students thought were the most
important aspects of their experience in engineering capstone
design and provide quantitative insight into what parts of the
framework are most important.
Why it’s bad???
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A Well Written Abstract:
Motivation
Methods
Key Results
Conclusion
The greatest obstacle to the development of policies for the
curtailment of gender bias is lack of information on the scope
and effects of the problem. This study represents an attempt to
quantify attitudes toward gender bias among profession women
engineers working in the State of Kuwait. The major findings that
emerged are as follows: a) Since 1970, Kuwait has witnessed an
enormous growth rate in the participation of women in higher
education. b) With respect to the job-related factors of salary
scale, professional treatment, responsibility, benefits, and
vacation, a clear majority (68%) of the professional Kuwaiti
women engineers surveyed expressed a feeling of equality with
or even superiority to their male counterparts. c) The one jobrelated factor in which significant gender bias was found to be in
operation was that of promotion to upper management positions.
In this criterion, the women engineers surveyed felt “less than
equal” to their male colleagues.
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An Excellent Abstract: (Article Published in a Good
Journal)
Motivation
Methods
Key Results
Conclusion
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most invasive form of
primary brain tumor. In this paper, a mathematical model is
proposed to describe such tumor growth and two different
mechanisms of cell invasion: diffusion and chemotaxis. The
results are in a quantitative agreement with recent in vitro
experiments. It was observed in experiments that the outer
invasive zone grows faster than the inner proliferative region.
We argue that this feature indicates transient behavior, and that
the growth velocities tend to the same constant value for larger
times. A longer-time experiment is needed to verify this
hypothesis and to choose between the two basic mechanisms
for tumor growth.
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Where to submit:
— Journal Articles
• may have longer page limits
• reviews tend to be more detailed or longer
• give the opportunity to revise your work and re-submit it for
review
• some universities evaluate only on the basis of journal
publication (it is true for EE and most other areas, but CS is
an exception)
— Conference Papers (In Proceedings or Abstract)
• have higher standards of novelty
• are more timely
• have higher visibility / impact (you can present and answer
questions)
• high level conference papers are also important for CS
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What makes a good research paper?
— Good Science
— Good Writing
— Publication in Good Conference or Journal
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What makes good science?
— Novel – new and not resembling something formerly
known or used
— Mechanistic – testing a hypothesis - determining the
fundamental processes involved in or responsible for an
action, reaction, or other natural phenomenon . E.g.
Physiology .
Mechanistic materialism: 流行于17世纪和18世纪的一种唯物论，
—
Descriptive – describes how are things are but does not
以霍布斯、伽森锹和法国唯物论者如拉美特利、狄德罗、霍尔巴赫、
爱尔维修和孔迪亚克为代表人物。这个理论受到机械论的影响，而
test how things work – hypotheses are not tested. E.g.
机械论是那个时代最高度发达的自然科学。按照机械唯物论的观点，
Anatomy.
一切现象，包括生命和心灵，都可解释为力的相互作用和物质微粒
的简单或复杂的排列。宇宙和人都被视为机器，拉美特利的主要著
作就叫做《人是机器》。事物只有通过直接的机械接触才能相互作
用。
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Important Publishers for Computer Science
— ACM
— IEEE
— Springer
— Elsevier
— Others (Morgan Kaufmann, Annual Reviews, MIT Press,
Cambridge University Press, USENIX…)
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Publication Ranking Benchmarks
— Thomson Scientific & Healthcare
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Scientific Citation Index / Expanded (SCI/SCIE)
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)
Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings (ISTP)
Impact Factor (IF)
Citation (ISI Web of Science)
— Elsevier
• Engineering Index (EI)
— Microsoft Academic (academic.research.microsoft.com)
• Citation/Publication Rate
— Google Scholar (scholar.google.com)
• Google Scholar Citations
— CCF A/B/C and rankings by Chinese universities
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Market
— A paper is read/reviewed by skilled referees.
• to judge originality, quality, format
— If accepted, will be read by scientifically-informed
audiences.
• to extract information, to learn
— They normally know about the field in general but does
not already know what you did. You will need to convince
them that your research is good, by your writing-ups.
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Competition for space in good journals or
conferences is intense!
Rejection Rates Vary
— IEEE INFOCOM (2007) = ~83%
— ACM WoWMoM (2010) = ~82%
— IEEE Communications Letters = ~66%
— IEEE Transactions on PAMI= ~85%
— Science, Nature = ~95%
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Major Reasons for Rejection
— Confirmatory (not novel)
— Poor experimental design
• Poor controls
• Hypothesis not adequately tested
— Poorly written
• Structure
• Format
• English language
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How to succeed in the market?
— Several points you need to bear in mind in writing:
• everything in your paper is about to show you are doing well
by presenting your contribution
• your paper is understandable to scholars
• your paper can convince those scholars that your
contribution is worthy of their effort to publish
• your paper will be in the style with which scholars are familiar
• your paper shows you are also an intelligent scholar (logical,
accurate and professional)
• your paper shows you are a sincere scholar (no or few
spelling, grammatical errors)
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The Six Deadly Sins
— Data manipulation, falsification
— Duplicate manuscripts
— Redundant publication
— Plagiarism
— Author conflicts of interest
— Animal and Human use concerns
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What constitutes redundant publication?
— Data in one conference abstract/paper? No
— Same data, different journal? Yes
— Data on website? Depends
— Data included in a literature review article? Depends
— Expansion of published data set? Yes
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What is author conflicts of interest?
Conflict of interest exists when an author (or the author’s institution),
reviewer, or editor has financial or personal relationships that
inappropriately influence (bias) his or her actions (such relationships are
also known as dual commitments, competing interests, or competing
loyalties). These relationships vary from being negligible to having great
potential for influencing judgment. Not all relationships represent true
conflict of interest. On the other hand, the potential for conflict of interest
can exist regardless of whether an individual believes that the relationship
affects his or her scientific judgment. Financial relationships (such as
employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, and paid expert
testimony) are the most easily identifiable conflicts of interest and the most
likely to undermine the credibility of the journal, the authors, and of science
itself. However, conflicts can occur for other reasons, such as personal
relationships and academic competition.
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Author Conflicts of Interest Record in a Medical
Journal
Author Name
Topics Authored
Conflicts of Interest
Saleh AlDasouqi,
MD
Diabetes insipidus,
Hyperprolactinemia,
Pheochromocytoma
Dr. Aldasouqi has received research
support from Eli Lilly, Metrika and Amylin,
and has in the last 24 months received
speaker’s hononaria from Pfizer, Merck,
and Takeda
Charles Bellows,
MD,
FACS
Cholecystitis,
Cholelithiasis,
Enuresis (childhood)
Dr. Bellows is a consultant for and has
received research support from LifeCell.
He also teaches for Covidien.
Josephine R. Fowler, Ovarian tumor
MD, MS
(benign), Ovarian
tumor (malignant)
Dr. Fowler is on the Speakers bureaus of
Merck and GlaxoSmithKline for HPV,
though has not received any payments
within 2009.
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When to start?
— Fundamentals:
• Reading at least 20 published papers in the subject. Reading
the papers several times until you understand the challenges
and background information (jargon/terms) in the area, main
contribution and key methods and approaches proposed.
• Writing a preliminary literature review of the papers you read.
• Attending one or more conferences/seminar.
• Conducting your own research until some results are
obtained.
• Writing a technical report to record your method, result and
some preliminary analysis.
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Ask yourself right before starting:
— has a significant advancement been made?
— is the hypothesis straightforward?
— did the experiments test the hypothesis?
— are the controls appropriate and sufficient?
— can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes?
— can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?
“Those who have the
most to say usually say
it with the fewest words”
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Common Characteristics
— Formal & Academic
— Clear and Concise
— Explainable to motivation, design, execution, meaning of
results (Rationale)
— Follows a standard format / structure
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Writing Order:
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
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Outline - draw it out
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Method (answers “how”)
— Best to begin writing when experiments still in progress.
— Should be detailed enough so results can be repeated.
— Experimental research: equipment, materials, method
— Modeling research: assumptions, mathematical tools,
method
— Computational research: inputs, computational tools,
method
— Explain what is especially different about your method.
— Give sufficient detail that the reader can reproduce what
you did.
— Don’t mix Method with Results or Discussion—they come
next.
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Results (answers “what?”)
— Present the output of the experiments, model or
computation.
— Don’t mix Results with Discussion.
— Report your results simply, without opinion or
interpretation at this stage.
— Present data in a form other people can understand and
use.
— Give emphasis in the text the most important aspects of
the tables, graphs or figures.
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Introduction (answers “why?”)
— What is the problem and why is it worth tackling?
— Who are the main contributors?
— What did they do?
— What new things will you reveal?
Provide brief background
State hypothesis / central question
Give a one sentence summary of findings
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Discussion (answers “so what?”)
— Extract principles, relationships, generalizations.
— Present analysis, model or theory.
— Show relationship between the results and analysis, model
or theory.
— Bring out the most significant conclusions first, develop
subsidiary conclusions after that.
— Be logical, clear and concise.
First answer question posed in introduction
Do not repeat results
Discuss weaknesses and discrepancies too.
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Publishing a Paper (32)
Conclusion
— Draw together the most important results and their
consequences.
— List any reservations or limitations.
— Do not duplicate the Abstract as the Conclusions or vice
versa.
— The Conclusions are a summing up of the advances in
knowledge that have emerged from the work.
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Publishing a Paper (33)
Reference
— Relevant and recent
— Be highly selective
— Read the references (some sections, if not everything)
— Do not misquote
— Use correct style for journal or conference
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Title
— Will determine whether paper gets read
— Avoid long title (see rules by publisher)
— Avoid abbreviations
— Title format
“The effects of heat on ice”
“The role of heat in melting ice”
“A study: the correlation between heat and melting ice”
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Writing Style - Objective, Concise, Precise and Clear
— Do NOT use interjection and big words: Great! Wonderful!
• Could create a subjective effect and may lose honesty.
— Use simple phrases:
• The test ended owing to the fact that the specimen failed.
• The test ended because the specimen failed.
— Be careful with “that” and “which”:
• “The computations that were performed on a Cray were the
more accurate.”
• “The computations, which were performed on a Cray, were
the more accurate.”
— Be careful with “a” and “the”:
• You are just a big fat panda.
• I am the big fat panda.
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Writing Style
— Use American or British English, but not mix in one paper:
• Stick to either ‘stabilize’ or ‘stabilise’ in one paper;
• ‘color’ or ‘colour’;
• ‘center’ or ‘centre’
— Use correct words:
• principle and principal
• dependent and dependant
• compliment and complement
— Colon and Semicolon:
• There are two reasons for repeating this experiment: the first,
to improve the precision; the second, to establish
reproducibility.
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Controversies on Writing Style
— What’s wrong with ‘we’?
* Try to avoid ‘we’, unless really necessary.
* ‘we’ could be useful if too many passive constructions
have been used.
— Simplicity is gold.
* Who are the readers? (Scholars, Scientists, Engineers,
but not always excellent in English)
* Be careful with complex sentences! Readers could be
tired after reading too many complex sentences, even
there is no error.
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The Always Right Approaches
— Read the ‘Guide for Author’ from the publisher carefully.
— Set plan.
— You will use LaTex eventually, so use it earlier.
— Take the feedbacks from conference/journal referees
seriously.
—Your strength lies solely in your tenacity.
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Working on Literature Review (1)
Definition:
— A literature review is a specific type of research report /
paper that focuses on published literature on a given topic.
— More than a mere summary of the literature, it presents
analysis, patterns, and critiques of individual sources,
groups of sources.
— A literature review surveys academic articles, books and
other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings,
journal articles) relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and
critical evaluation of each work.
— Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do
not report any new or original experimental work.
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Working on Literature Review (2)
Purposes:
— to identify gaps in the literature / works
— to avoid reinventing the wheel
— to increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area
— to identify seminal works and opposing view in your area
— to identify other people in the fields
— to provide the intellectual context for your own work
— to identify relevant information, methods and ideas that
may be relevant to your project
— to demonstrate that you have accessed previous work in
an area
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Working on Literature Review (3)
Skills Required and can be Trained:
— Comprehensive knowledge about the topic:
• fundamentals, core issues, challenges and possible solutions
in the research area
— Information seeking:
• the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or
computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and
books.
— Critical appraisal:
• the ability to apply principles of analysis to evaluate studies
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Working on Literature Review (4)
Types
— Literature Review as a Chapter / Section in your Research
Writing
• a preface to and rationale for engaging in your research
• designed to support your own theory
• show that you have pinpointed the problems which will lead to
your suggested solutions
• normally will be more critical
— A Standalone Literature Review Article
• a self-contained unit (an end in itself)
• normally will discuss both pros and cons from multiple
perspectives
• show the problems which may lead to the space for improvement
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Working on Literature Review (5)
What can be used for literature?
— Journal Articles
— Books
— Conference Proceedings
— Theses and Dissertations
— Government / Corporate Reports
— Internet Articles
— Newspapers
— CD-ROMs
— Magazines
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Working on Literature Review (6)
How to read an article for literature review?
— Read Critically
• Should not assume that the authors are always correct.
• Ask appropriate questions. (e.g., Are the methods right? Are
there better solutions? What are the limitations of the
methods? Are the assumptions the authors make
reasonable?)
— Read Creatively:
• What are the good ideas in this paper?
• Are there extensions to the authors’ ideas?
• Are there possible improvements?
— Make Notes
— Summarize the articles (in one or two sentences)
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Traps in Reading
— Read everything
• comprehensive = never be able to finish the reading
— Reading without writing
• writing can help understanding and organization
• writing can help remembering
• writing can be used as draft
— Not keeping bibliographic information
• take notes when reading
• otherwise you’ll realize you have forgotten to keep the
information you need when you are about to write
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Working on Literature Review (8)
What to Study and Write?
— Things we already knew in the immediate area.
— Characteristics of the key concepts, main factors or
variables.
— Relationships between the key concepts, factors or
variables.
— The existing theories.
— The inconsistencies / shortcomings in our understanding.
— Contribution the present study can be expected to make.
— Views need to be (further) tested.
— Lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited evidence.
— Research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory.
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Working on Literature Review (9)
A literature review must do these things:
— be organized around and related directly to the thesis or
research question you are developing.
— synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not
known
— identify areas of controversy in the literature
— formulate questions that need further research
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Working on Literature Review (10)
References
— Reference and Bibliography are different
• References are those sources actually referred to in the text.
• Bibliography lists the sources which were consulted and
found relevant, but are not actually referred to in the text.
• Bibliography is normally used in books.
— Styles
• Numbered: e.g. "[12]" or "12" (normally for short papers, but can
be used in dissertation or thesis in some institutions)
• Harvard Style (Surname with date): e.g. "Smith (2005)",
"(Wilson & Patel 2007)“, "United Nations (1948) " or "[Mitchell et
al., 2008]".
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Working on Literature Review (11)
Reference List
— Numbered Style:
[1] L. P. Clarke, R. P. Velthuizen, M. A. Camacho, J. J. Heine, M. Vaidyanathan, L. O. Hall,
R. W. Thatcher, and M. L. Silbiger, "MRI Segmentation: methods and applications,"
Neuroanatomy, vol. 11(3), pp. 343-368, 1995.
[2] M. Prastawa, E. Bullitt, G. Gerig, "Synthetic Ground Truth for Validation of Brain Tumor
MRI Segmentation," Proc. Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention
(MICCAI 05) 2005, pp.26-33..
— Harvard Style:
[Agartz et al., 1992] Agartz, I., Saaf, J., Wahlund, L. O., Wetterberg, L. (1992). Quantitative
estimations of cerebrospinal fluid spaces and brain regions in healthy controls using
computer assisted tissue classification of magnetic resonance images: relation to age
and sex. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10:217-226.
[Bezdek, 1975] Bezdek, J. C. (1975). Mathematical models for systematic and taxonomy.
In: Proceedings of Eighth International Conference on Numerical Taxonomy, Pages:143166.
[Bhatnagar, 2007] Bhatnagar, S. C. (2007). Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative
Disorders, Third Edition. Wolters Kluwer Health.
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Working on Literature Review (12)
In-text Citation
— Numbered Style:
Research in the area of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by Hausman,
Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] was concerned with storage assignment and interleaving
policies, based on turnover rates of the various items. Elsayed [3] and Elsayed and Stern
[4] compared algorithms for handling orders in AR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al.
[9], Azadivar [2] and Parry et al. [11] deals with the design of an AS/RS and the
determination of its throughput by simulation and optimization techniques.
— Harvard Style:
Research in the area of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by [Hausman,
1996] and [Schwarz and Graves, 1997] was concerned with storage assignment and
interleaving policies, based on turnover rates of the various items. [Elsayed, 2001] and
[Elsayed and Stern, 2002] compared algorithms for handling orders in AR/RS. Additional
work by [Karasawa et al., 2002], [Azadivar, 2002] and [Parry et al., 2004] deals with the
design of an AS/RS and the determination of its throughput by simulation and
optimization techniques.
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Working on Literature Review (13)
A good literature review example (Paragraph 1)
Introduce the
area
Indicate
research
position in the
history of the
area
Automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being
introduced into the industry and warehousing at an
increasing rate. Forecasts indicate that this trend will
continue for the foreseeable future (see [1]). Research in the
area of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by
Hausman, Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] was concerned with storage
assignment and interleaving policies, based on turnover rates of
the various items. Elsayed [3] and Elsayed and Stern [4]
compared algorithms for handling orders in AR/RS. Additional
work by Karasawa et al. [9], Azadivar [2] and Parry et al. [11] dealt
with the design of an AS/RS and the determination of its
throughput by simulation and optimization techniques.
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Working on Literature Review (13)
A good literature review example (Paragraph 2 + 3)
Group Similar
Information
Show relation
between
literatures
(difference,
similarity)
Move to main
topic
Several researchers addressed the problem of the optimal
handling unit (pallet or container) size, to be used in material
handling and warehousing systems. Steudell [13], Tanchoco and
Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] and Grasso and Tanchoco [5]
studied various aspects of this subject. Grasso and Tanchoco [5]
and Tanchoco et al. [15] incorporated the size of the pallet, or unit
load, in evaluation of the optimal lot sizes for multi-inventory
systems with limited storage space. In a report on a specific case,
Normandin [10] demonstrated that using the 'best-size' container
can result in considerable savings. A simulation model combining
container size and warehouse capacity considerations, in an
AS/RS environment, was developed by Kadosh [8]. The general
results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are
similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12].
Nevertheless, container size was found to affect strongly overall
warehousing costs.
In this paper, we present an analytical framework for
approximating the optimal size of a warehouse container.
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Working on Literature Review (14)
A bad literature review example (Paragraph 1, 2)
Until recently many researchers have shown interest in the field of
coastal erosion and the resulting beach profiles. They have carried
out numerous laboratory experiments and field observations to
illuminate the darkness of this field. Their findings and suggestions
are reviewed here.
JACHOWSKI (1964) developed a model investigation conducted on
the interlocking precast concrete block seawall. After a result of a
survey of damages caused by the severe storm at the coast of USA, a
new and especially shaped concrete block was developed for use in
shore protection. This block was designed to be used in a revetment
type seawall that would be both durable and economical as well as
reduce wave run-up and overtopping, and scour at its base or toe. It
was proved that effective shore protection could be designed
utilizing these units.
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Working on Literature Review (15)
A bad literature review example (Paragraph 3, 4)
HOM-MA and HORIKAWA (1964) studied waves forces acting on the
seawall which was located inside the surf zone. On the basis of the
experimental results conducted to measure waves forces against a
vertical wall, the authors proposed an empirical formula of wave
pressure distribution on a seawall. The computed results obtained by
using the above formula were compared well with the field data of
wave pressure on a vertical wall.
SELEZOV and ZHELEZNYAK (1965) conducted experiments on scour
of sea bottom in front of harbor seawalls, basing on the theoretical
investigation of solitary wave interaction with a vertical wall using
Boussinesque type equation. It showed that the numerical results
were in reasonable agreement with laboratory experimental data.
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Assignment II – Literature Review
Each group (same members and group number as applied in the Essay
assignment) is required to write a standalone Literature Review (in
English) with minimum of 350 words. The literature review must be based
on the survey of at least 9 academic articles. All referenced articles must
be published in international academic journals or conferences, and at
least 7 articles are in English.
In the next class session, all groups can make presentation voluntarily,
while some groups from the rest (non-volunteered) may be chosen
randomly for presentation, if there’s enough time.
In the presentation, each team will be given ~8 minutes for PPT slide
introducing, literature review text reading and a quick Q&A.
Marking Criteria (Volunteered may be given 1 bonus mark (e.g.: B+  A-) ):
A. English Language (wording and grammar): 20%
B. Structure, Organization, Format and Logical Coherence: 60%
C. Presentation: 20%
软件学院
Thank you for your
attendance and attention!
软件学院