Transcript Document
Q1 What is popular culture? Refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve mass produced standardized short-lived products of no lasting value Q2 What are the five different types of identity? Individual or personal identity Social identity Collective identity Multiple identity Stigmatised identity Q3 What is a stigmatised identity? Refers to an identity that is in some way undesirable or demeaning and excludes people from full acceptance in society Q4 What is secondary socialisation? Refers to the socialisation which takes place outside the family and occurs instead in schools, media, friends and religious institutions Q5 Identify the 5 distinct areas of secondary socialisation The education system Peer group Workplace The mass media Religious institutions Q6 What does Jenkins (1996) argue about the socialisation and the social construction of self and identity? Jenkins argues that identities are formed in the socialisation process Q7 How does Mead see the identities of individuals? Mead sees the identities of individuals as being in a state of flux. This is because they are changing and developing all the time as they go through daily life. Q8 Identify one criticism of structural approaches and one criticism of social action approaches Criticisms of structural approaches fail to recognise: free will; choice; challenges; disobedience Criticisms of social action approaches include: not enough emphasis is placed on power inequalities; power of social institutions; social etiquette; need to work/earn money; Q9 What does Bourdieu mean by ‘habitus’? Habitus is the cultural possessed by a social class, into which people are socialized, which influences their cultural choices and tastes Q10 What does Bourdieu mean by cultural capital? Cultural capital is the education, knowledge, language, attitudes and values possessed by the upper and upper middle-class Q11 Identify one key aspect of the new working-class Home-centred lifestyle, with no involvement with neighbours and wider community Work is for making money not friends or identity No loyalty to their class Women more likely to be in paid employment Q12 What type of approach is Cooley’s? What did he mean by the concept of ‘looking-glass self’? 1 mark for each point Answer Social action approach The ‘looking-glass self’ is the idea that our image of ourselves is reflected back to us (like a mirror) in the view of others Question 13 What term did Bourdieu come up with when referring to the cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialised, initially by their families and which ultimately influence their cultural tastes and choices? 2 marks Answer Habitus Question 14 Future time orientation and deferred gratification are two ideas which separate the middle-class from the working-class. 1. What are future time orientation and deferred gratification? 2. Which of the two social-class identified in the question have the above? Answer Planning for the future Putting off today’s pleasures for tomorrow’s gains Middle-class Question 15 Which social-class has the following: 1.Men are seen as breadwinners, women mainly housewives 2.Getting a job with a skill and earning money, far more important than education and qualifications 3.A strong commitment to old Labour Party Answer Traditional working class Question 16 Define gender identity and provide one example Answer Refers to how people see themselves and how others see them in terms of their gender roles and biological sex Question 17 In relation to gender and identity what did Mead (2001) uncover? Answer She found from studying tribe in New Guinea that masculine and feminine characteristics are not based on biological differences but are a reflection of cultural conditioning within different societies. Therefore these differences are seen to be socially constructed. Question 18 What did Connell (1995) mean by the term ‘hegemonic identity’? Answer Hegemonic identity is one that is so dominant that it makes if difficult for individuals to assert different identities Question 19 What does the statement ‘the social construction of hegemonic gender identities through primary socialization Answer This means parents and relatives tend to hold stereotyped views of typical characteristics of boys and girls which are used as norms when socialising their children Question 20 While keeping the last question and answer in mind, what are the four process Oakley identified are evident during primary socialisation? Answer Manipulation Canalization Verbal appellations Differential activity exposure Question 21 What do you understand by the term new man? Is a man who is seen to be more caring, sharing, gentle, emotional etc Q22 What is diaspora? Diaspora is the dispersal of an ethnic population from its original homeland and its spreading out across the world while retaining cultural ties to the nation of origin Q23 What is a hybrid identity? A hybrid identity is a new identity formed from a mix of two or more other identities Q24 What is ethnocentrism? Ethnocentrism is a view of the world in which other cultures are seen through the eyes of one’s own culture Q25 What is nationality? Nationality is having citizenship of a nation-state, including voting rights, a passport and right of residence What is nationalism? Nationalism involves a sense of pride and commitment to a nation along with a very strong sense of identity to that nation What are cultures of hybridity? A culture of hybridity is a mix of two or more cultures creating a new culture – a hybrid What is a master identity? Master identity is an identity which overrides all other aspects of that person’s identity, whether they want it to or not What is status frustration? Status frustration is a sense of frustration arising in individuals or groups because they’re denied status (your position in relation to others) in society What is a New Lad? A New Lad is a reaction against the New Man and prefers to associate himself with ‘yob culture’ of aggressive behaviour, lager, football and promiscuousness