Transcript PowerPoint-presentation

Flow and transport of gases,
CO2, NAPL and nano-particles in
fracture systems on the local and
multiple-fracture scales
Auli Niemi, Chin-Fu Tsang
Fritjof Fagerlund, Zhibing Yang, Prabhakar Sharma,
Martin Larsson
UPPSALA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES
NGL ANNUAL SCIENCE MEETING
Oskarshamn, 7-8th of November 2013
MAIN INTEREST: study of flow and transport of
Gases, CO2, NAPL and Nano-particles in
fracture systems on the local and multiple fracture scales
LOCAL FRACTURE SCALE: Variable-aperture single fractures;
Complex fractures (with internal structures); Fracture zones
MULTIPLE FRACTURE SCALE; Fracture intersections;
Fracture networks – sparse; Fracture networks – dense
Flow and Transport
• Gases; relative permeability, capillary pressure effects,
etc.
• CO2: added effects of phase change, solubility, dense
brine with dissolved CO2, possible presence of mixture
gases, fluid immobilization and entrapment etc.
• NAPL: multiple components and multiple phase effects,
fluid immobilization and entrapment, interface
characterization, interface mass transfer, dissolution etc.
• Nano-particles: pore-scale effects, effect of roughness of
fracture surfaces, mixing of solutes, colloids, effect of
unsaturated fractures (can be coupled with gas injection),
etc.
• Characterization of trapped fluids (NAPL or CO2) using,
e.g., partitioning tracer techniques
Outline
• Examples of our recent/ongoing work
on example topics; CO2 geological
storage, solute and NAPL transport in
fractures and nanoparticle transport
• Possibilities for NGL
Geological storage of CO2
> 800 m
CO2
Several
kilometers
A sufficiently impermeable
seal (cap rock)
A sufficiently permeable
reservoir rock
Brine
Supercritical CO2
How is CO2 stored in the deep
aquifer?
How is CO2 stored in the deep
aquifer?
CO2
CO2 gets physically
trapped beneath the
sealing cap-rock and low
permeability layers
How is CO2 stored in the deep
aquifer?
CO2
CO2 gets physically
trapped beneath the
sealing cap-rock and low
permeability layers
CO2 gets trapped as
immobile isolated residual
’blobs’ in the pore space
How is CO2 stored in the deep
aquifer?
CO2
CO2 gets physically
trapped beneath the
sealing cap-rock and low
permeability layers
CO2 gets trapped as
immobile isolated residual
’blobs’ in the pore space
CO2 dissolves into water
How is CO2 stored in the deep
aquifer?
CO2
CO2 gets physically
trapped beneath the
sealing cap-rock and low
permeability layers
CO2 gets trapped as
immobile isolated residual
’blobs’ in the pore space
CO2 dissolves into water
CO2 converts into solid
minerals
CO2 Geological Storage
Ongoing EU FP7 projects
MUSTANG – large-scale integrating project for quantifying
Saline Aquifers for CO2 Geological Storage (2009-2014)
Panacea – project focusing on long term effects of CO2
Geological Storage (2012-2014)
TRUST – project continuing and expanding the field
experiment of MUSTANG (2012-2017)
CO2QUEST – project focusing on effect of impurities of CO2
stream (2013- 2016)
Pre-feasibility studies in Sweden
financed by the Swedish Energy Authority
SwedeStoreCO2; to look at possibilities for a pilot scale
injection experiment in the Swedish territory
BASTOR; to look at possibilities to store CO2 in the Baltic
Sea region
MUSTANG project
MUSTANG is a large-scale integrating EU FP7 R&D
project (2009-2014), with 19 partners and 25 affiliated
organizatons (coordinated by Uppsala University)
Objective: to develop methodology and
understanding for the quantification of saline aquifers
for CO2 geological storage
Test
sites
7 field sites including
one deep injection experiment
and one shallow injection experiment
of CO2, as well as strong
laboratory experiment, process understanding and
modeling components
Webb-site : www.co2mustang.eu
Heletz deep CO2 injection
experiment
Scientifically motivated CO2 injection
experiment of scCO2 injection to a reservoir
layer at 1600 m depth, with sophisticated
monitoring and sampling
CO2 injection experiment
Objectives
• To gain understanding and develop methods to determine the
two key trapping mechanisms of CO2 (residual trapping and
dissolution trapping) at field scale, impact of heterogeneity
• Validation of predictive models, measurement and
monitoring techniques
wells for field
experiments
Determine in-situ residual and
dissolution trapping parameters
1.
push-pull
injection-withdrawal
of scCO2 and brine
2.
dipole
scCO2, brine
& tracers
sc CO2
zone of residual trapped scCO2
 Reduced influence of formation
heterogeneity
 Heterogeneity affects migration and trapping
 Hydraulic tests
residual trapping
 Thermal tests
residual trapping
 Tracer tests
residual & dissolution trapping,
(& interfacial area)
CO2 Geological Storage
Ongoing EU FP7 projects
MUSTANG – large-scale integrating project for quantifying
Saline Aquifers for CO2 Geological Storage (2009-2014)
Panacea – project focusing on long term effects of CO2
Geological Storage (2012-2014) (www.panacea-co2.org)
TRUST – project continuing and expanding the field
experiment of MUSTANG (2012-2017)(http://trust-co2.org)
CO2QUEST – project focusing on effect of impurities of
CO2 stream (2013- 2016) (www.co2quest.eu)
Pre-feasibility studies in Sweden
financed by the Swedish Energy Authority
SwedeStoreCO2; to look at possibilities for a pilot scale
injection experiment in the Swedish territory
BASTOR; to look at possibilities to store CO2 in the Baltic
Sea region
CO2 Geological Storage
Ongoing EU FP7 projects
MUSTANG – large-scale integrating project for quantifying
Saline Aquifers for CO2 Geological Storage (2009-2014)
Panacea – project focusing on long term effects of CO2
Geological Storage (2012-2014)
TRUST – project continuing and expanding the field
experiment of MUSTANG (2012-2017)
CO2QUEST – project focusing on effect of impurities of CO2
stream (2013- 2016)
Pre-feasibility studies in Sweden
financed by the Swedish Energy Authority
SwedeStoreCO2; to look at possibilities for a pilot scale
injection experiment in the Swedish territory
BASTOR; to look at possibilities to store CO2 in the Baltic
Sea region
Possibilities to store CO2 in
Sweden/Baltic
•two feasibility studies 2012-2013, financed by the
Swedish Energy Authority
•SwedeStoreCO2; to look at possibilities for a pilot
scale injection experiment in the Swedish territory
•BASTOR; to look at possibilities to store CO2 in the
Baltic Sea
- so far financing by Finland and Sweden
- contact person Per Arne Nilsson, PanaWare
Erlström et al, 2011
Vernon et al, 2013
NGL related questions –
CO2 storage
• Integrity of the sealing cap-rock is crucial for the
performance of the storage
• Need to understand the characteristics of fractures and
fracture zones possibly intersecting the cap-rock
-
flow through existing fractures and the related hydromechanical-chemical processes (opening/sealing of the
fractures)
-
possible creation of new fractures and re-activation of
existing fractures/fracture zones due to mechanical
effects
• NGL would provide opportunities observing gas/multiphase
flow and trapping as well as brine migration in real fractures
Chemical alterations of caprock
fracture fractures when brine saturated
with CO2 flowing throuh
CO2 (supercritical and gaseous) flow
through caprock fractures ; comparison of laboratory
experments to natural analogue sites
Gouze et al, 2012
Hydro-thermo-mechanical effects
Edlmann et al
www.co2mustang.eu
Solute Transport in Fractures
- study of flow-wetted surface as a function of
fracture aperture statistics
Larsson, M. et al (2013) A new approach to account for fracture aperture
variability when modeling solute transport in fracture networks WRR 49(4), Pp.
2241-2252
Larsson et al (2012) A study of flow-wetted surface area in a single fracture as
a function of its hydraulic conductivity distribution WRR 48(1)DOI:
10.1029/2011WR010686
Solute Transport in Fractures
- determining of flow-wetted surface
from SWIW tests
the specific flow-wetted surface, can be determined
by matching the observed breakthrough curve for
a heterogeneous fracture to that for a homogeneous
fracture with an equivalent property parameter.
Larsson, M et al (2013), Understanding the effect of single
fracture heterogeneity from single well injection withdrawal
(SWIW) tests. Hydrogeology Journal, DOI 10.1007/s10040-0130988-x.
NAPL Transport in Fractures
Release
Receptor
GW
flow
Dissolved plume
Fractured bedrock
Trapped residual
blobs in fractures
DNAPL pool in
dead-end fractures
Two fundamental processes:
Variable-aperture
fracture
φ
g
b
aperture
Fluid displacement (How DNAPL
migrates)
Interphase mass transfer (How
DNAPL dissolves)
23
NAPL Transport in Fractures
• Modeling of NAPL infiltration and dissolution in
heterogenenous fractures, develop a general
approach for flow and dissolution
• How does fracture roughness influence NAPL
distribution and the dissolution process?
• Estimation of NAPL presence from observations
of dissolved concentrations in the water
• What fracture geometries lead to fast
dissolutions and what geometries make
dissolution difficult?
NAPL Transport
in Fractures
• entrapment and
dissolution in heterogeneous
fractures
Yang, Z et al (2012) Jour Cont Hydrol, 133:1-16.
Yang, Z. et al (2012) WRR 48, W09507.
Yang, Z. et al (2013) Two-phase flow in rough-walled
fractures: Comparison of continuum and invasionpercolation models. WRR 49(2) Pp 993-1002
DNAPL dissolution experiment
Analog fracture cell
Light transmission system
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
13.3
Vertical (cm)
Vertical (cm)
0.7
8.8
8.8
13.3
0.2
0.1
17.7
4.4
0.8
4.4
4.4
8.8
13.3
Horizontal (cm)
Aperture
field, mm
17.7
17.7
4.4
8.8
13.3
Horizontal (cm)
17.7
Entrapped TCE
Initial condition for
DNAPL dissolution
Yang, Z et al (2013) Dissolution of dense non-aqueous phase
26 end
liquids in vertical fractures: Effect of finger residuals and deadpools. Journ Cont Hydrol Vol:149, Pp 88-99
Nanoparticles (NPs)
 Use of nanoparticles is accelerating
in a wide range products &
technological applications
 Toxicity and transport behaviour in
the environment largely unknown,
particularly in complex media such as
fractured rocks
2 mg,
aggregated
2 mg,
dispersed
 Particles can act as carriers of
other contaminants, including
e.g. radionuclides
 Extreme surface area per unit
weight:
 extreme capacity for
surface reactions
 different behaviour than
larger particles
NP transport in fractures
saturated system
unsaturated system
 Critical to understand the
mechanisms of NP transport &
mobilization in fractures
 Particle interactions with
both rock surfaces and other
contaminants
 Particle-mediated transport
e.g. from nuclear waste
repository?
 Density-driven flow,
heterogeneity & channelling
 Altered transport behaviour in
the presence of a gas phase
 NP attachment at the liquid-gas
interfaces
Experiments & laboratory at UU
Dark box
light
panel
outflow
fracture
replica
camera
relay /
control
unit
computer
injection
fluid pump
background
fluid pump
 Lighttransmission
system to study 2D
flow & transport
processes –
quantification of
aperture,
concentrations &
fluid saturations
 Experiments in
well-characterized,
variable aperture
fractures
USE OF NGL FACILITY
• For local scale; selection of different types of fractures,
complex fractures, and fracture zones in the Äspö tunnel
• For multiple fracture scale; selection of different types of
fracture intersections, sparse fracture networks and dense
fracture networks in the Äspö tunnel
• Study at locations at different depths from close to surface to
460-m depth
• Study at different scales
• Study of multiple locations to explore effects of spatial
heterogeneity
• Use of Äspö tunnel as sink by injection into rocks and
observing emergence in the tunnel (and also possibly land
surface)
RELEVANT ONGOING PROJECTS
CO2 geological storage
• Four major EU FP7 projects, as coordinator or WP leader;
MUSTANG 2009-2014, Panacea 2012-2014,
TRUST 2012- 2017, CO2QUEST 2013-2016
• Two pre-feasibility studies investigating CO2 geological
storage in Sweden/Baltic; SwedestoreCO2 and Bastor, both
funded by Energimyndigheten
• Research Councils (VR) strategic funds for CO2 research
(2011-2014)
Deep hydrogeology of fractured rocks
•
Coupled effects in deep hydrologelogical systems, funded by
SGU (2013-2015)
Some of the fracture studies presented above were funded by
earlier FORMAS (flow welled surface analyses) and by VR
(NAPL transport) projects
Thank you for
your attention !