Transcript Option 1: Health of Young People

1) What is good health for young people?
2) To what extent do Australia’s young people
enjoy good health?
3) What skills and actions enable young people to
attain better health?
What is good health for young people?
Young people are considered to be individuals aged
between 12 – 24 years of age.
Between these ages, the individual makes the transition from child to adult, the
life stage known as adolescence. Adolescence is characterised by rapid physical
growth and is accompanied by emotional, mental and social maturation. As
teenagers’ bodies reach adult proportions, their ability to think and reason
becomes more developed. This is often when values are clarified and, after
puberty, when adult sexual urges begin.
Name the changes for males and
females during puberty?
Society generally regards adolescents as relatively inexperienced in life, so they
are not always given the opportunity to make decisions for themselves.
Adolescents’ rapid mood swings, attributed mainly to changes in hormones, might
also arise out of the frustration of feeling like adults but not being in full control of
their lives. This can lead to experimentation with risk taking behaviour. In
response to this behaviour society often enforces limits on their behaviours. For
example, the high number of premature deaths due to driving with excessive
speed has led to the government amending the law to protect adolescents from
harm. For example, P-plater hours, speed limits and vehicle limits.
The difficulties encountered during adolescence do, however, have a benefit in
that they give adolescents experience in dealing with problems and developing
skills that improve resilience
Define the following:
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Adolescence
Puberty
Hormones
Resilience
Key Term
Definition
Adolescence
Transition period between childhood and adulthood
Puberty
A stage in the life cycle when rapid physical changes
occur that signify that a person has reached sexual
maturity.
Hormones
Chemical messengers in the body. They are essential for
physical growth and maintenance.
Resilience
The ability to ‘bounce back’ after difficult times or bad
experiences
Although we can group young people under the one label, they are in fact a
diverse group in terms of characteristics and backgrounds:
•Rate of physical development: individuals mature at different rates, with rapid
growth spurts affecting some individuals earlier than others. A young person’s
physical maturity may not always match be matched by emotional maturity.
•Level of motivation: A person’s level of motivation is a result of their mental
attitude and their emotional maturity. These can be affected by life experiences,
family values and self esteem.
•Socioeconomic Background: distribution of wealth impacts the opportunities
young people have made available to them.
•Sociocultural Background: multicultural nature of Australian society means that
a variety of customs, beliefs, and traditions influence young people’s lifestyles.
Although we can group young people under the one label, they are in fact a
diverse group in terms of characteristics and backgrounds:
•Rate of physical development: individuals mature at different rates, with rapid
growth spurts affecting some individuals earlier than others. A young person’s
physical maturity may not always match be matched by emotional maturity.
•Level of motivation: A person’s level of motivation is a result of their mental
attitude and their emotional maturity. These can be affected by life experiences,
family values and self esteem.
•Socioeconomic Background: distribution of wealth impacts the opportunities
young people have made available to them.
•Sociocultural Background: multicultural nature of Australian society means that
a variety of customs, beliefs, and traditions influence young people’s lifestyles.
Family & Peers
The influence of family can differ for young people in Australia. For example, some
families place a strong emphasis on the obligations to care for the elderly relatives
or younger siblings.
Communication and shared respect between parents and sons or daughters
becomes important in dealing with issues that arise during adolescence.
Influences of the peer group grows during adolescence due to increased time
spent with peers, influences can be either:
• Positive: when peers support each other in not smoking
• Negative: when they encourage each other to take risks on the road.
The influence of prevailing youth cultures
Historically, as young people search for identity, youth cultures based on similar
language, interests, dress and music have been developed. In some cases the
media has escalated these cultures to broad popularity, e.g. hippies in the 60s.
Whereas others may be local youth cultures that take hold with smaller groups of
young people.
The youth age group has always had a culture of its own that makes it unique
from other age groups. Within youth culture there are a variety of different
subcultures or subgroups that have their own distinct identity, for example skate
culture, surf culture and emos. These groups satisfy a young person's need to
belong that is of great importance during adolescence.
Youth cultures can be a powerful influence on the behaviour of young people
because these groups:
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•
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confirm a young person's identity
enable a young person to express their feelings about the world around them
are a way for a young person to resist the established order
create a language and lifestyle to live by for young people - excluding adults
and non-members
• dictate behaviour, looks, styles that identifies themselves to society.
Influence of global events and trends
Globalisation has been recognised as a significant issue that affects young people.
Modern communication and technology has meant world events and world
influences are closer to our lives than ever before. Globalisation, technological
advances and improved communication will strongly influence how young people
view the world and hence their health.
Young people are often involved in forums and debates around issues relevant to
their health, for example changes to driving restrictions or the 2020 summit to
gather ideas for creating a sense of future for young people.
Examples of global events and trends that may influence the lives of young people
include fashion, climate change, world economic downturn, recreational activities,
music, sports, the influence of other cultures, fast food availability, advances in
technology (iphones, mp3 players, and multimedia) and greater access to
communication (internet).
Influence of technology
There have been rapid advances in communications technology over thelast few
decades that have resulted in wide use of the internet, email, blogs, mobile
phones, Mp3 players, games and social networking mediums such as Facebook
and Twitter.
These new technologies have great social, economic and personal benefits for
young people. Young people have far greater access to global information than
their parents did. Most young people are more skilled at using new technologies
than other age groups and often manage to negotiate the challenges technology
presents in an easier manner.
The advances in technology and excessive use by young people can also have
negative impacts on the health of young people. Young people who do not use
technology, either through choice or lack of access may become increasingly
isolated as the importance of technology continues to grow.
Health Status of infants & young children
Health status of people aged 65 years
The major factors affecting the health of young
children and infants (aged from birth to 14 years)
are:
The leading causes of death are cancer,
cardiovascular disease and stroke. Older people
are living longer and some health problems are
associated with longevity (the longer life span).
• congenital malformations
• accidents and injuries
• perinatal (around the time of birth)
conditions
• juvenile diabetes.
• infections and parasitic diseases
The main conditions resulting in hospitalisations
of this age group are:
• boys aged 1–4 — diseases of the ear and
mastoid process, acute respiratory
infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)
• girls aged 1–4 — diseases of the ear and
mastoid process
• boys aged 5–14 — fractures, dislocations,
sprains and strains
• girls aged 5–14 — upper respiratory diseases.
The most common general health problems
experienced by the elderly are:
• arthritis
• vision and hearing problems
• hypertension
• circulatory diseases
• dementia.
The elderly population continues to have higher
rates of hospitalisation
than other age groups and they tend to stay in
hospital for longer periods.
Effects of the determinants of
health on young people
Activity
1) Each student will be given a determinant to
analyse.
2) You need to read through the information
3) Summarise information to 3-4 key dot points
4) Explain the determinant to the class in 1-2
minutes.
Homework due Wednesday
Must be done for examination preparation. Will be marked.
Activity
1)
Using pages 308-332 of textbook
2)
Select TWO of the following areas:
• mental health problems and illnesses
• body image
• alcohol consumption
• violence
• road safety
• sexual health
• emerging health issues; for example, gambling, cyberbullying, party crashes, drink spiking.
3) Read through the information about your selected areas – you may need to do further
research.
4) Answer the extended response question.
Developmental aspects that affect the
health of young people
Throughout life, there are aspects of development that affect people’s health
and their ability to maintain good health. As lives change, individuals
make adjustments to their relationships, their self-identity, their feelings of
self-worth and their level of autonomy.
Self-identity is the picture you have of yourself, and it is made up of your
thoughts, feelings, emotions and past experiences.
Self-worth is the value a person places on his or her own importance.
Autonomy is the freedom to determine one’s own actions or behaviour.
Revising roles in relationships
The very first relationship we have is with our parents, followed by other family
members and friends. This relationship has a permanent influence and may be
positive and nurturing, or negative and abusive. The role an individual plays in a
relationship varies according to age, gender, attitudes, expectations and type of
personality. A family’s cultural and religious traditions also have a bearing on this
role.
If circumstances force separation within a family, a young person may feel
compelled to take on an added role of father (protector) or mother (nurturer)
in the family, resulting in role overload.
During adolescence, a young person continues to be a son or daughter to their
parents, but the role and expectations in the family might change. Increasing
age is usually met with an increasing level of responsibility
Revising roles in relationships
A young person might be expected to take on the role of carer for siblings or
relatives, or to help maintain the household. They may appear to be ready
according to age, but they may be emotionally unprepared, which can cause
stress. This stress can be intensified if the division between their roles becomes
blurred. This is called ‘role ambiguity’ and is a source of much conflict within some
families.
Further role conflict arises when adolescents, as they grow older, seek
greater independence and a more equal balance of power in the relationship
with their parents. Parents are sometimes reluctant to accept that their children
are making the transition to adulthood.
Revising roles in relationships
This transition involves the development of a greater sexual desire for the
opposite sex or possibly the same sex. Friendships become more intimate and the
peer group has less importance than one-on-one relationships. If, during a
relationship, a pregnancy occurs, then there can be a further change in roles as
the young people adopt new roles as father, mother, single parent or wage earner.
Self Identity
Examination Preparation
Exam Structure
Section 1:
20 multiple choice questions – 20 marks
Section 2:
Core 1 & Option 1 – 21 questions worth 80 marks total
Includes a mixture of short response, extended response, essay (2
page)
Allocating Your Time
Use marks as a guide
Check your work if time permits
Examination Preparation
What's Your Strategy?
What will you read in reading time?
what section will you start first?
What core/questions will you do first?
What will you do if you draw a blank on a question?
Managing Your Time
Keep your eyes on the clock
Know how much time to spend on each question
Use the space provided as a guide to how much you need to write
If you are running out of time-write relevant information in point form
Examination Preparation
Organising Your Answer
Identify key words
Consider the rubric
Plan your answer
Write your answer
Identifying Key Words
Know your syllabus terms
Underline the key intent words
Underline the key content words
Examination Preparation
Consider the rubric
Your answer will be assessed on how well you:
•Demonstrate an understanding of health and physical activity
concepts
•Apply the skills of critical thinking and analysis
•Illustrate your answer with relevant examples
•Present ideas in a clear and logical way
[8 mark & 12 mark questions]
Examination Preparation
The better answers tend to:
•Have written a plan on the exam paper (this will get marked)
•Have answered all parts of the question
•Do as the question asks - eg: outline
•Have a logical and coherent structure
•Provide depth of detail in discussion, which includes accurate and
relevant info
•Provide logical argument that is supported with relevant examples
Developing self sufficiency and autonomy
The mental health of a young person is enhanced when they are
able to achieve self-sufficiency and autonomy. This marks their ‘rite
of passage’ to the adult world. Achieving autonomy enhances selfconfidence and self-esteem, and a young person's sense of identity
becomes more complete. They become responsible for making
important decisions about their work, diet and health. The
frustration of not having any autonomy leads to some young people,
and their families, living with high levels of stress.
Activity:
Define Self-Sufficiency
Establishing education, training and employment
pathways
A solid education can provide the foundation for achieving personal potential and
positive self-esteem. The wide range of options now available creates flexibility in
education, reduces the stress for young people, promotes greater self-confidence
and enables young people to have a clearer career pathway and be more
prepared for work. These options include:
•TAFE traineeships, which enable a young person to learn on the job and earn a
small income
•Australian School-based Apprenticeships, which allow year 11 and 12 students to
start an apprenticeship while still at school
•VET (Vocational Education and Training), which allows young people to establish
links with TAFE and university courses while still at school
Establishing education, training and
employment pathways
• TAFE HSC Pathways, which enable young people to do HSC and
TAFE courses over two years and still attain a UAI
• part-time work, which allows young people to develop job skills
that are transferable to other areas of employment
Establishing education, training and employment
pathways
Establishing personal support structures
Personal support structures give assistance in times of stress or trauma. Family
and friends often provide the strongest support as they have a vested interest in
the individual and the greatest insight into the person. Families can provide
personal support structures in the following ways:
•financially — setting up a flat, helping with credit card debt, being a guarantor or
supporting further education costs
•emotionally — giving support when there is a breakdown in a relationship
•physically — providing food and accommodation if unemployed or still studying,
or care during illness
•mentally — helping a young person cope with the stress of exams.
•Personal support structures enable a person to cope with stress, allow them to
have time out if needed and provide someone to turn to for advice.
Establishing personal support structures
Personal support structures enable a person to cope with stress, allow them to
have time out if needed and provide someone to turn to for advice. Adolescents
who are in a rush to achieve independence risk leaving unresolved conflicts with
the family, which can damage their personal support structures. Should their
personal support structures fail, they need to seek alternative support through
government agencies, community groups or professionals. Because of the high
demand for these services, there are limits to the depth and length of support
they can offer. The family has the most to gain by promoting the good health of its
members.
Establishing education, training and employment
pathways