Transcript Unit 1: The Body in Action
Unit 1:principles of Anatomy and Physiology
Energy systems Kevin Browne
Learning Objectives
All students will be able to:
To define the terms aerobic and anaerobic Identify the three different types of energy systems
Introduction
Any form of activity within the human body requires ENERGY. This form of activity could be enzyme secretion, nerve stimulation, contraction of the heart or physical activity.
Creating Energy
In order for the human body to create energy, it will either use the process of: Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Student Activity
In pairs, define the terms
aerobic respiration
and
anaerobic respiration,
and discuss any similarities or differences in the two.
Aerobic respiration
There are
two different types
of respiration.
When you exercise at a steady, comfortable rate, the cardiovascular system is able to supply the muscles with all the oxygen they need.
Under these conditions,
aerobic respiration
takes place.
glucose + oxygen energy + carbon dioxide + water
Aerobic exercise can be maintained for
long periods
without the performer getting breathless or suffering muscle cramps. Moderate activities like walking, jogging, cycling and swimming use aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
When you exercise at a high intensity, the cardiovascular system cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles.
Under these conditions,
anaerobic respiration
takes place.
glucose energy + lactic acid
With no oxygen available, glucose is burned to produce energy and
lactic acid
.
Lactic acid is a mild
poison
. As it builds up, it causes muscle pain and eventually cramp.
Short, intense activities like sprinting, weightlifting, jumping and throwing use anaerobic respiration.
Energy Systems
There are two types of energy types in the body
Anaerobic is the release of energy without oxygen for short bursts.
Aerobic is a sustained release of energy with oxygen for longer endurance events.*
Discussion
How do these types of systems, create energy?
The muscles of the body use both
carbohydrates fats
to produce energy.
and There are 3 energy systems, and each system will produce energy in a slightly different way through
chemical reactions.
The three energy systems are: ATP-CP system Anaerobic Glycolysis (latic acid system) Aerobic Glycolysis
Starchy CHO from food is converted to
glucose
in the
gut
, which enters the
small intestine
into the
bloodstream
and passes to be transported to the
muscles
.
The glucose is then used in 3 different ways… Body Cells
Glucose diffuses easily into the cells and is used to meet their energy demands.
Skeletal Muscle
Glucose is stored here as
glycogen
and is used when the body is working harder.
Liver
Here some of the glucose is stored as
glycogen
and used to maintain blood sugar levels.
Student Activity
Research and quick presentations
You will be split into three groups, each group will look at a different energy system, and will answer the following questions: How long does it take to produce energy?
Explain the chemical process of your energy system Which sports will use this energy system Conditions: you may only use 10 words to summarise the information from the text but can use as many diagrams/symbols
How do these systems work?
The body has to create energy chemically! BUT HOW?
In the muscles is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
This is quickly converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
The by-product is Energy which is released.
This is not sustainable and the body must use other chemicals to convert ADP back to ATP and continue the process of making energy.
This is done in 3 ways.. .
This is what ATP LOOKS Like
Special high-energy bonds exist between the phosphate groups and breaking one of the phosphate bonds releases the energy. ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and free phosphate (P i ) releasing the stored energy.
Creatine Phosphate (CP) Energy System
This generally follows on from the breakdown of ATP and uses the two substances combined into
ATP-CP system
. This system use CP stored in muscles, which splits to allow the Phosphate to join ADP and create more ATP. This new ATP can then be used to create energy as before
The quantity of ATP in the muscles is very limited so once this breakdown has occurred the ADP needs to be resynthesised back into ATP to ensure the constant generation of energy within the body. Note that energy is required to resynthesise ATP and it is the energy we get from food that provides this.
Creatine Phosphate (CP) Energy System
This system is very
efficient
, uses
no oxygen
and creates
no waste product
, but it is limited to about
10-15 seconds
before running out.
Lactic Acid System (Anaerobic Glycolysis)
When CP runs out, the muscles call upon the stores of
glucose
(glycogen).
Unfortunately this system creates a waste product called
pyruvic acid.
Ideally the body copes with this by,
oxygen
breaking down the
pyruvic acid
into carbon
dioxide
and
water
.
But, if activity levels are
too intense
and not enough O 2 be inspired, then the pyruvic can acid is not broken down and converts into
lactic acid
.
Lactic Acid System (Anaerobic Glycolysis)
If lactic acid is allowed to build up it the muscles
fatigue
either the
work-rate must be reduced
and or the individual will be forced to
stop
.
Now they must rest while fresh oxygen is supplied to repay the
oxygen debt
. Who can think what the term oxygen debt refers to?
“The additional oxygen that must be taken into the body after vigorous exercise to restore all systems to their normal states is called
oxygen debt”
(A.V. Hill 1886-1977).
Aerobic Energy System slow
breakdown of glucose using
Glucose 1. Glucose
the blood.
and
oxygen oxygen
, inside the cells.
Water
are transported to the working muscles by
Energy for Muscles 2.
3.
4.
Glucose and oxygen are then used by the muscles of the body to produce energy.
create Movement Carbon
This process creates
carbon dioxide
and
water
.
Dioxide
The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.
3. Aerobic
If you change activity to a a steady jog on the spot you will start to use a different system.
You are now using your Aerobic system.
You are still using glycogen from your body stores.
But now the pyruvic acid is being broken down by the oxygen to produce water and CO 2.
The Aerobic system is used by anyone doing a sustained activity like jogging.*
How long could you keep running for?
As long as you keep a supply of oxygen it depends on your glycogen supply.
The glycogen comes from the carbohydrates in your food.
These are broken down and stored.
As you tire your body will be using up the glycogen in your muscles and be looking for the other supplies like in fats. Endurance athletes will feel these body changes and look for warning signs (hitting the wall).*
Worksheet
1.
Identify the 3 energy systems.
2.
Define the terms below: Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration 3.
Explain the chemical process of the ATP-CP system.
4.
Explain the chemical process of Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis by filling in the spaces, using the words on the worksheet: