Transcript Mitigation - DISASTER info DESASTRES
General Concepts and Definitions
Leaders course Jamaica February 11, 2003 “Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers”( Tennyson)
General Concepts
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Disasters: low probability-high impact events
“Sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance” (WHO)
“I know a disaster when I see one” Risk Management vs. Disaster Management Attitude Change vs. Product Improvement
General Concepts
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Risk: Probability of harmful consequence or expected loss of lives/property resulting from interaction between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Hazard: Probability of occurence of a given threat Vulnerability: exposed.
Capacity: Degree of susceptibility of the element Ability of people to cope with the situation.
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Risk = H x V/C
The Disaster Cycle
Prevention Mitigation Preparedness Response Rehabilitation Reconstruction BEFORE DURING AFTER
Definitions
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Preparedness Pre-disaster activities aimed at strengthening the capacity for rescue, relief, and rehabilitation.
Prevention Measures designed to provide complete protection from natural disasters by controlling effects of natural phenomena.
Mitigation Prevention in an imperfect world!
Reduction of the impact! (Structural, non-structural and functional)
Disasters and Health Effects
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World-wide: 3.4 mil deaths due to natural disasters in 25 years Japan: 63 deaths/event Peru: 2,900 deaths/event Population: 6 bil increase = 1.33% yearly increase (the poor outnumber the rich) Trends:
Increase in # of hazards
Deaths toll per event reduced
Financial toll increased What Matters More??
Global Trends
Climate change and variables – El Niño EXTREME EVENTS • • • • • • • Poverty Ignorance Environmental degradation Urban growth Increasing un-sustainability Increasing obstacles to development Increased value of constructed environment VULNERABILITY
Current Trends
Disaster impacts
in million 3 2 1 0 in million 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 1970-79 Dead 0 1980-89 1990-99 Affected population Source: OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database
Current Trends
Economic losses related to number of disasters
6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 in million 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Number of disasters Economic losses Source: OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database
Disasters and Health Effects
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General Effects on Health
Natural vs Technological
Potential Effects vs. Inevitable Threat (ex. BCR)
Sudden vs Creeping/Slow Development
Requirements for food, shelter and primary health care vary with type & length of event.
Disasters and Health Effects
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General Effects on Society
Deaths and Injuries
Damage to Health Infrastructure
Water Supply and Sanitation
Communicable Diseases (overcrowding, vectors, water supply, waste management, PH programs)
Social Burden (poverty, age and gender)
Food Shortage
Population Displacement
Mental Health Impact
Disasters and Health Effects
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Floods
Most Frequent Natural Hazard
Most Deaths (flash floods) 146/year in USA
Drowning - 77%
Cardiac arrest - 10%
Trauma - 10%
Hypotermia - 3%
Public Health: water quality, waste disposal, vectors, disease
Associated Hazards: electrical, chemical
Disasters and Health Effects
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Volcanic Eruption
Most Deadly
Pyroclastic flows - 70% from blast, heat or asphyxiation
Rock fall injuries, BURNS
Difficult Access for First Responders
Damage to Health Infrastructure
Water Contamination
Disasters and Health Effects
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Tsunami
Water and Debris = Damage to Structures
More deaths then injured (50-80%)
Drowning -Vulnerable Groups
Trauma Injuries
Dehydration
Sunburn
Disasters and Health Effects
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Hurricanes
Most Deadly
Hurricane Flora 1963 - Haiti & Cuba → 8,000
Hurricane Fifi 1974 -Honduras → 10,000
Hurricane Mitch 1998 - Central America → 11,000
Injuries
Lacerations - 80% (during the clean up phase)
Damage to Infrastructure and Public Health Systems
Disasters and Health Effects
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Earthquakes
Most Costly - Life and Property
No Warning
Evacuation Not Possible
Initial Medical Response - Delayed
Health Infrastructure - Damaged
Most Deaths - Collapsed Buildings
95% Survivers are Rescued in First 24 hours
Injuries - Simple fractures to crush injury
Disasters and Health Effects
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Technological
Biological, Chemical, Radiological
Accidental or Intentional Release
Terrorist Threat
Possible? Plausible? Probable?
Effective Use of Resources
Personnel
Funding
Infrastructure
Disasters and Health Effects
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Technological
Enhancing Capabilities
Training
Infrastructure
Shifting Priorities in Preparedness
Cost Effective
Social Consequences
Reality or Perception
Health Sector and Disaster Management
Recurring Issues
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Success is Difficult to Quantify Management of International Assistance Information Management More Actors on the Scene
Recurring Issues
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Mass Casualty Management Care for Victims Dual Wave Phenomenon
Walking Patients - 30 min
Priority 1 Patients - 2 hours Geographic Effect (closest facilities most impacted) BABEL Effect (communication, people, or equipment problem??)
Recurring Issues
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Laymen Enthusiasm Disaster Supply Management
Local Sources
Donations Tetanophobia Fear of Epidemics Management of Human and Animal Remains Field Hospitals
Planning Assumptions
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NO “Best Option” Plans
Adapted to Disaster
Improvisation Can Be Costly
First Responders Are Not Always First Infrastructure Capacity Specialized Care May Be Needed
Planning Assumptions
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Local Capacity Response Capability Stockpile of Equipment & Supplies Shortage or Flood of Supplies and Staff Decentralization of Authority Private Business/Organization Support
Health Sector Actors
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Government Sector: Min of Health, Min of Foreign Affaires, Min of Finance, Min of Environment, Water Authorities, Fire Services, Police, Defense Force, Public Works, National Disaster Office, Airport Managers, MEDIA……..
Private Sector: Hospitals, Ambulances, Doctors, Manufacturers,……..
Local Authorities: Mayors, Community Groups….
Health Sector Task
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Promotion of Disaster Reduction Activities Include Risk Management Concept in Development Projects Staff, Fund, and Prepare Response Resources
Care of Victims
Enviromental Needs (water, food, vector control)
Inform Public
Health Sector Task
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Coordinate With All Sectors Plan for Rehabilitation
Window of Opportunity for Reform
Ministry of Health Disaster Reduccion Program
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Mandate:
Promote, Coordinate, and Support Efforts of the Entire Health Sector to Reduce Impact of Disasters Scope:
Multi-Hazard and Inter-Disciplinary
Functional Areas of Responsibility
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Promote Health & Social Issues with Other Sectors Include Reduction/Mitigation Measures into Development Activities Equitable Access to Healthcare Public Awareness
Normative Functions
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Develop Construction Standards Develop Contingency Planning, Response, and Simulation Standards/Guidelines Develop Criteria for Disaster Preparedness and Safety Accreditation of Health Facilities Develop Communications Protocol Develop Standards/Guidelines for Registration of Humanitarian Assistance Organizations (NGO´s, external military forces)
Educational Functions
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In-Service Training of Health Staff Include Disaster Management into Pre- and Post-Graduate Curriculum Medical School Presentation of Health Related Topics in Training of Other Sectors
Coordination/Liaison
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National Disaster Office (Civil Protection) Disaster Focal Points of Other Agencies Disaster Programs in Neighboring Countries Humanitarian and Developmental Organizations (national, international)
Operational Functions
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Mobilize and Coordinate Immediate Response Coordinate Health Sector Assessment Formulate Priorities and Assign Resources Mobilize External Resources Contribute to Formulation of Rehabilitation Plans (include mitigation) Compile and Disseminate Lessons Learned
Reporting Channels Staff and Budget
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Highest Decision-Mmaking Level in the MOH Access to All Administrative Areas and Technical Departments in Health Funds to be Assigned Specifically for Risk Reduction Program Staff Trained, Qualified/Certified, and Full Time
General Concepts and Definitions
Leaders course Jamaica February 11, 2003 “Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers”( Tennyson)