Transcript 投影片 1 - University of Hong Kong

Port Klang
Initial Risk Assessment
Presentation for ENVM 8012
1
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Develop Analysis Plan
Risk assessment
Retrospective
Prospective
Socioeconomic drivers assessment
Data gaps
Uncertainties & Recommendations
2
Develop Analysis Plan
WHOM - This project was initially organized by
GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Program on Building
Partnerships in Environmental Management of
the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA).
PEMSEA building up partners with
governments, agencies and sectors to
strengthen environmental management
capacity
GEF: The Global Environment Facility
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
IMO: International Maritime Organization
3
Develop Analysis Plan
HOW – Conduct Initial Risk Assessment with
collaboration with several government
departments.
WHY – economic growth contaminants
4
Develop Analysis Plan
WHERE - Port Klang located
at Malaysia.
The Project area cover
1,485 km2 with population
of 742,837 in the year
2000 which was approx.
500 people per km2. The
coastlines for both Klang
and Kuala Langat are
53.75 km and 48 km
respectively.
BBC (2005), http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/
newsid_4140000/newsid_4149300/4149317.stm
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Develop Analysis Plan
WHAT – to determine the effects of factors derived from
human activities on human and ecological targets in
the Port Klang area.
Specifically, 6 objectives:
1.
To evaluate the impacts of various pollutants;
2.
To identify activities that contribute to pollution;
3.
To identify gaps and uncertainties;
4.
To make recommendations;
5.
To identify agencies and institutions in the long-term
management,
6.
To identify priority concerns to be addressed under
risk management.
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Develop Analysis Plan
2 methodologies can be used to protecting
the environmental and human health


Hazard Based Approach
Risk Based Approach
Hazard Based Approach => Risk Based
Approach
2 risk assessments approach were used in
this project,


Retrospective Risk Assessment, and
Prospective Risk Assessment
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Data in this presentation are from ‘Port
Klang
Integrated Coastal Management
National Demonstration Project’,
Selangor Waters Management
Authority, Shah Alam, Selangor
Malaysia. 2005
2. Risk Assessment
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Ecological Risk Assessment
Problem Formulation
An ecological risk assessment starts with
the formulation of the problem.
 Activities included in this stage are the
definition of the nature of the problem.

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Problem Formulation
The Source
What is the source?
Stressors
What types of stressors are
presented?
Exposure
When? For how long? What was
the intensity and distribution?
Ecosystem at risk
What ecosystems are at risk?
Where? Why?
Possible
ecological
effects
What are the possible effects
associated to the pointed
stressors?
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3. Retrospective
Assessment
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3. Retrospective Analysis
• 4 Aspects:
•Fisheries
•Aquaculture
•Mangroves
•Wildlife
•Sources of Data
•Various studies
•Reports
•Projects
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3. Retrospective Analysis for
Fisheries
Result
Changes Observed
Identified Agents
Amount of fish landing
1990 – 1993 : ↓65%
(164.43 to 57.55 metric tons)
1993 – 2000: ↑10
times
(141.37 to 1,579.34 metric tons)
Likely:
Poor technology
Possibly:
Marine water pollution
Incidence of oil spills
Exploitation of mangroves
Likely:
Enhanced technology
↑ fishing gears
↑ fishing forks
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3. Retrospective Analysis for
Aquaculture
Result
Changes Observed
Amount of production
1990 – 1993 : ↓46%
(1,011.63 to 543.89 metric tons)
1993 – 2000: ↑1.9
times
(543.89 to 1,579.34 metric tons)
Identified Agents
Unsuitable soil for aquaculture
Water contamination
Diseases
Enhanced Technology
Controlled water contamination
Controlled diseases
↑ pond areas
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3. Retrospective Analysis for
Mangroves
Result
Changes Observed
(Area)
Klang Island
4%
1995-1998: ↓ 7.9%
1984-1995: ↓
Kapar
1970-1998: ↓91.5%
(4,865 to 410 ha)
Identified Agents
Likely:
Land Reclamation
Possibly:
Suspended solids
Unknown:
Pollution, sedimentation
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3. Retrospective Analysis for
Wildlife
Result
Changes Observed
(no. of species)
Water birds
1996-1999: ↓88.5%
(131→15)
1999-2000: ↓26.6%
(15→11)
2000-2001: no change
(11→11)
Identified Agents
Most Likely:
Time of count not coincide
with bird migratory period
Likely:
New environment needs
time to re-establish
Possibly:
Illegal hunting of birds
Unknown:
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Environmental pollution
3. Retrospective Analysis for
Wildlife
Result
Changes Observed
(no. of species)
Aquatic Mammals
Fauna
Peat swamp forest
Primary Forest
Mangrove Forest
Decline no. of species
in the above habitat
Identified Agents
Land clearing
Reclamation
Selective logging
Mining
Agriculture
hunting
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3. Retrospective Risk Assessment




Cannot establish the relationship between
changes in fisheries and increased fishing
intensity
Change in aquaculture production because of
better technology, control of water
contamination
Decline in mangrove cover because of
degazettment and reclamation
Decline in mammals, birds and freshwater fish
due to loss or degradation of habitats and
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pollution
4. Prospective Risk
Assessment
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Prospective Risk Assessment
Predicted Environmental
Concentration (PEC)
Risk Quotient (RQ) =
Predicted No Effect
Concentration (PNEC)
RQ < 1  Low Risk 
Management
action
RQ ≧ 1  High Risk

required!
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Case Study – Water Column
5 Coastal Areas in Klang
- Pantai Morib
- Kuala Langat at Jugra
- Kuala Langat
- Kuala Klang
- Selat Klang Utara
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5. Risk and Socio-economic
Drivers
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Assessment of Socioeconomic
Drivers
Result
Changes
Demography: Kuala
Klang Island
1991-2000:
↑4.6%
Langat
1991-2000:
↑3.8%
Waste Management:
Klang Island & Kuala Langat
- Waste generations
↑18%tons/day
- Landfills areas
↓over 30%ha
Impacts
Identified
-Loss of
Agents
habitats &
species
-Solid and
liquid waste, -Human
health
-Sludge,
-Air pollution, -Reduced
biodiversity
-E. Coli
-Waste oil
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Assessment of Socioeconomic
Drivers
Result
Changes
Impacts
Identified Agents -Loss and
Land-use:
-Over-exploitation
Klang Island & Kuala Langat -Land clearing and
-↑agricultural lands, urban & reclamation
industrial areas
-↓forest cover
Agriculture:
-Nutrients
Klang Island & Kuala Langat -Organic liquid waste
-↓use of land
-Pesticides,
-↑yields
-Sediments
-illegal clearing
degradation
of habitats
and species
-Reduced
biodiversity
-Sedimentation
-Siltation
-Forest fire
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Assessment of Socioeconomic
Drivers
Result
Changes
Human Health:
- Poor hygiene
practices
- Contamination
Impacts
-Contaminated
seafood
-Food
-Pathogens
poisoning
-Chemical
-Vector-borne
contaminants
diseases
Identified
Agents
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6. Data Gaps
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Data Gaps





More appropriate indicators
More comprehensive and quantitative
assessment of biodiversity
Information for the impacts on living aquatic
resources
Data on nutrients in coastal water, oil and
grease in river water, coliform in seafood
heavy metals in sediment and biota, and
pesticides and organotins in all media
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Data Gaps (cont’d)




Data on oil fraction from petrogenic and biogenic
sources
Standards for marine water quality are not very
protective
Linkage between food and water-borne diseases to
potential contamination of aquatic food products
from pathogens and chemical compounds
Linkage between particular socio-economic
activities to the identified priority environment
concerns
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7. Uncertainties &
Recommendations
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Uncertainties





RQ approach is not suitable for dealing with
some risks
No model was used to help to understand the
risk
Detailed assessment is needed to distinguish
between localised and coastal wide conditions
Suitability of the PNECs being used
Application of quantitative uncertainty analyses
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Recommendations
 On socio-economic drivers:
further assessments on waste management, industrial
development, agriculture and land use

On Ecological and Human Health Risks:
1.
Prioritize contaminants for risk management
Prioritize the management of sewage discharge
Control for discharges of untreated wastes in the coastal
area starting from the catchments
Conduct systematic monitoring on exposure to
contaminants of the seafood
Collect the data on heavy metals, pesticides and TBT in
water column, sediment and seafood in the coastal areas
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Recommendations

On the river systems:
3.
Need assessment for oil and grease
Risk assessment and management for the river systems
Relating the sources of risk to specific activities
4.
Formulate risk reduction measures

On the whole water system:
1.
2.
1.
Apply the RQ approach to carry out a more detailed risk
assessment of the rivers and coastal waters in Selangor
2.
Review of the standard of PNECs used
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Recommendations
On resources and habitats:

Fisheries
1.
2.
3.
Use of CPUE, stock density, demersal biomass and change in
catch composition to monitor and assessment
Estimate the MSY (maximum sustainable yield) and to determine
the current condition
Evaluate the management framework
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Recommendations
On resources and habitats:

Aquaculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
Evaluate, minimize and control the current impacts
Develop environment-friendly practices
Designate aquaculture zone
Collect data for better assessment and management
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Recommendations
On resources and habitats:

Mangroves
4.
To assess the economic value and the effects of reduction or
degradation of mangrove ecosystems
Evaluate the degazettement of some portions of the forest
reserves
Use benefits and costs approach to evaluate reclamation and
mangrove conversion
Promote mangrove reforestation
5.
Strengthen the law enforcement
1.
2.
3.
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Recommendations
On resources and habitats:

Widlife
Verify the reported decline in species and the cause-effect
relationships

1.
2.
On Air Quality
Detailed assessment to identify the significant contributor to the
pollution
To develop and implement control of emissions
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Recommendations
Recommended research




areas:
Hydrodynamics study to study the sediment load
To determine the level of impacts at pollution hotspots
Toxicology study for seafood
Poverty, industrial development and their linkages to
environmental management
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Recommendations
Need to develop




action plans for:
Integrated land- and water-use Zoning
Environmental investment such as clean technologies,
waste management facilities
Integrated Environmental Monitoring Programme for a
scientific basis management
Collaboration and Institutional Arrangements with
NGOs, Univerities etc. for development and
implementation of risk management strategies
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Furthermore
-holistic approach
-use of biomaker
-consider the dynamic nature of the
ecosystem
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The END. Thank You.
Q&A
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References

BBC News (2005)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid
_4140000/newsid_4149300/4149317.stm
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