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Berkshire Lowland Search & Rescue “Developing knowledge and skills” Lowland Search Technician Lowland SAR Technician Weekend Syllabus Friday • Introduction to SAR • Anatomy of a Callout Saturday • Core Search Techniques I • 1 to 1 debrief (if needed) • Core Search Techniques II • 1 to 1 debrief • Briefing & Debriefing • Missing Person Behaviour • Crime Scenes and Evidence Sunday • Exercise • Exercise Debrief • Written Assessment • Tea and Medals Lowland SAR Technician Training Progression in SAR Lowland Search Controller LSAR Team Leader LSAR Technician UK Search Manager Lowland SAR Technician ALSAR Standards for Operational Searchers Searcher Safety • Health & Safety and Risk Awareness • Water Safety Search Skills and Techniques • Core Search Skills • Missing Person Characteristics, Stats and Search Tactics • Briefing and Debriefing • Team Work Medical Support Navigation Communication Operations Control Lowland SAR Technician ALSAR – Association of Lowland Search & Rescue Coordination & Provision Represent & Support Standards ALSAR Develop & Shape Lowland SAR Lowland SAR Technician ALSAR – Association of Lowland Search & Rescue Search Resources Search Management Mutual Aid Disciplined & Accountable Certified Skills Well Equipped & Self Sufficient Lots of experience Lowland SAR Technician A Definition of Search & Rescue “To locate a person or object and ensure removal to a place of safety” Lowland SAR Technician Who do we search for? Common High Risk Vulnerable Persons • Dementia • Despondent • Mental Health Sufferer • Young Children All other persons who may be in need of emergency care or protection from themselves or the environment Lowland SAR Technician What else do we Search for? Objects • Non technical Forensic Searches • Evidence • Vehicles • Airplane Debris Lowland SAR Technician Search is an Emergency ?? ?? ?? Time = Survivability Lowland SAR Technician Search is an Emergency The Misper may need emergency care Rapid response limits the search area Find the Misper... Alive! Time = Survivability Lowland SAR Technician Time = Survivability Time decreases misper responsiveness Time decreases misper detectability Time decreases misper survivability Lowland SAR Technician Misper may need emergency care Why? From the environment From themselves From others Lowland SAR Technician Rapid Response limits the search area Misper traveling at 2kph A = Pi * r2 Lowland SAR Technician Find the misper ALIVE Spread wide Search fast Treat every search as an emergency Lowland SAR Technician Clues We don’t search for clues ... but ... sometimes we find clues ... and ... they help us find the misper ... so ... become clue conscious not fixated Lowland SAR Technician Why do we do it A desire to help others Love of the outdoors Quest for adventure Pride, Prestige & ego Social aspect Personal Glorification – the worst reason Lowland SAR Technician Missing Live Lowland Search & Rescue A short video Reproduced without permission Berkshire Lowland Search & Rescue “Developing knowledge and skills” Anatomy of a callout Lowland SAR Technician The Callout is …… …. The process whereby the Police or other agencies are able to contact the team for assistance during an emergency …. The process whereby the team is able to contact their own members to get resources available to assist Lowland SAR Technician You need to know that …. SAR teams respond positively to ALL calls for assistance Our decision to attend is NOT based on our assumption of what may have happened! Lowland SAR Technician From disappearance to callout Misper Disappears Police Attend Risk Assessment Local Enquiries Local Searches Senior Officer Allocated PolSA Contacted SAR stood by SAR callout Lowland SAR Technician Callout System Once alerted to the callout: • Respond even if you can’t attend the callout • If asked about your availability, be realistic • The SM / SC / OIC must have this information If you will be away, let the team know Time & no. of resources at a given location = AVAILABILITY “A14 available at 1800hrs” “A14 available after 2200hrs if needed” Lowland SAR Technician Responsibility From the moment you get called out, you are representing your team. You should be insured from this time You are expected to act responsibly and within the bounds of the law at all times. Lowland SAR Technician How prepared are you? Think about your employer & colleagues Think about your family & friends Think about your responsibilities Honest self appraisal Physical Fitness Your abilities and limitations Lowland SAR Technician Equipment Your equipment must always be more ready than you. Consider where you will store your SAR kit Do you have your ID Card? Lowland SAR Technician Health & Safety Duty of Care We have a legal and moral responsibility to our team members and to each other. If you are:• • • Not properly equipped Not physically fit Under the influence of drink or drugs You should not be allowed to search and may be sent home Lowland SAR Technician Attitude & Rationalisations “By the time I get there, it’ll be over” “Someone else will find him so why bother” “We are looking for a body, what’s the point of hurrying” “There’s no way they could possibly survive in these conditions” Negativity leads to reduced focus Reduced focus can kill a misper Lowland SAR Technician Missing Live SARDA VIDEO SEGMENT Reproduced without permission Lowland SAR Technician Driving to/from a Callout If you are unable to drive because of drink, DO NOT attend a callout Stick to the speed limits & all traffic laws Observe all access restrictions unless otherwise advised. Lowland SAR teams have no exemptions to the law Lowland SAR Technician The RV point On Arrival: • Sign in • After sign in go directly to muster area to await briefing and instruction • Stay away from the control point • Be patient Lowland SAR Technician The Chain of Command PolSA / Police Police Officers Police Dogs Helicopter ALSAR Search Manager SAR Foot Teams SAR Dogs Other SAR Teams Police Officers have overall authority during any incident, Regardless of rank or service Lowland SAR Technician Search Management Putting the right resources .... in the right place .... at the right time .... to get the right result To maximise the chance of success or POS Lowland SAR Technician Team Leader Operationally in charge of their search team Responsible for Who, What, When & How Responsible for welfare Scenes of Crime What he/she says goes Berkshire Lowland Search & Rescue “Developing knowledge and skills” Search Techniques Lowland SAR Technician An effective Search Technician combines….. The Principles of Search Search Techniques Technique Application Lowland SAR Technician Principles of Search Detection and Recognition Clue Consciousness Types of Search POS Lowland SAR Technician Detection vs. Recognition Detection Searcher perceives sensory impressions indicating presence of object. You see it, hear it, touch it, smell it….. Lowland SAR Technician Detection vs. Recognition Recognition Interpretations of impressions to determine their source and cause. You recognise the object as being relevant to your task Lowland SAR Technician Detection versus Recognition Without recognition, detection is of no value! Lowland SAR Technician Lowland SAR Technician Lowland SAR Technician Improving Detection Keep your mind on the job. Recognition: Know what you are looking for Utilise the Searcher Cube Use your glasses or contacts if you need to After negotiating a hazard, stop, zone back in, continue Avoid target fixation Lowland SAR Technician Recognition Needs good information All information is suspect Make notes Stay alert If unsure then ASK!! Lowland SAR Technician Detection Variables Object Environment Sensor Lowland SAR Technician Detection Variables - Objects Animation / Mobility Colour Size Hard to see (non moving, low contrast & small size) means that it would be more difficult to detect. Lowland SAR Technician Detection Variables - Environment Terrain Obstructions Weather and visibility More obstructions, low visibility and difficult terrain mean that the object would be more difficult to detect. Lowland SAR Technician Detection Variables Sensor Limitations Sensor Attitude Quality / capabilities A limited, poor quality and attitude sensor means that the misper would be more difficult to detect. Lowland SAR Technician Practical Examples Object Subject actions (arm waving, shouting etc) Experience, capability, knowledge Colour, contrast Environment Lighting conditions Terrain complexity, vegetation, cover Weather: rain, fog etc Sensor Training, experience, capability, knowledge etc Physical attributes: visual acuity, fatigue Attitude: searcher boredom, motivation etc Quality of briefing: information given Lowland SAR Technician Search Resources (sensors) Foot Searchers SAR Dogs Trackers Bike Teams Kayakers Aerial Resources Police Heli Skywatch CAP Lowland SAR Technician Types of Search Hasty Search Efficient Search Thorough Search Lowland SAR Technician Hasty Provides an immediate show of effort Helps define & limit the search area Requires quick response High priority areas & route/path searches Often the most successful method Small teams (usually of 3) deployed Criteria is Speed Lowland SAR Technician Efficient Systematic searches using Searcher Spacing Usually assigned to segments/reflectors/sectors Requires trained search resources Maximises Probability of Success Slower than Hasty searching Criteria is Efficiency Lowland SAR Technician Thorough Searches Close line grid searching Can involve other agencies, public etc Used as a last resort Highly Clue Destructive Resource Intensive Maximum detection but slow But does it maximise success?! Lowland SAR Technician Search Techniques Cubing Scanning Purposeful Wandering Searcher Spacing Lowland SAR Technician Maximising Detection – The Searcher Cube Lowland SAR Technician Scanning A systematic routine of visual snapshots whilst stationary Vast improvement on visual sweeps due to the way the eye works Maximum visual coverage with minimal gaps Covers all planes of the Searcher Cube Incorporates near, middle and far distance vision You will scan into your neighbours search areas – This is good! Lowland SAR Technician Scanning In complex environments the eye rarely detects on the first pass Peripheral vision detects light, colour & movement well Enhanced detection through scanning is the mark of a great SAR Technician Lowland SAR Technician Scanning – An example Lowland SAR Technician Scanning – An example Lowland SAR Technician Find the cat Lowland SAR Technician Find the cat Lowland SAR Technician Purposeful Wandering Searchers ‘wander’ in a purposeful manner Searching the things that need to be searched Recalculate Searcher Spacing if the terrain changes substantially You will see into your neighbours search areas, this is good We don’t line search! Lowland SAR Technician Purposeful Wandering Lowland SAR Technician Purposeful Wandering Lowland SAR Technician Purposeful Wandering Lowland SAR Technician Purposeful Wandering Lowland SAR Technician Searcher Spacing Used primarily for efficient searches Searcher spacing is dependant on:• The Object • The Environment • The Resources available Lowland SAR Technician Searcher Spacing Is a method of defining the initial distance between each searcher Provides the TL with a field technique for efficient resource utilisation When two searchers can just see an object at the limits of their vision, they are at the optimal initial searcher spacing. Sometimes referred to as Critical Separation Lowland SAR Technician Why use Searcher Spacing? Lowland SAR Technician Why use Searcher Spacing? Lowland SAR Technician Why use Searcher Spacing? Lowland SAR Technician Searcher Spacing Searcher Spacing AMDR or VL AMDR = Average Maximum Detection Range VL = Visible Length Lowland SAR Technician Defining our Searcher Spacing Northumbrian Rain Dance Lowland SAR Technician Searcher Spacing Searcher Spacing = 40m AMDR/VL =20m Lowland SAR Technician PRACTICAL 1 Lets go put it into practice Lowland SAR Technician Clue Consciousness We don’t search for clues ... but ... sometimes we find clues ... and ... they help us find the misper ... so ... become clue conscious not fixated Lowland SAR Technician Clue Consciousness Physical Recorded People Events Lowland SAR Technician Clue Consciousness Relevance? Report Record Resume Lowland SAR Technician Route & Path Searches Small teams (usually of 3) Spacing should be not be rigid Variable track offset from the route/path searched This offset is defined by misper behaviour stats TL normally stays on the route/path Handrail for Corridor Searches Lowland SAR Technician Road Searches Health & Safety! Minimum of 2 searchers per side (1 search, 1 spotter) Spotter watches traffic Class 3 traffic jackets + red lights More common than you’d think SAFETY SAFETY SAFETY Lowland SAR Technician Watercourse Searches Health & Safety! ALSAR Water Awareness trained Highly dangerous when flooded Searching within 3 metres use of PPE (with training) Do not enter the water Bank Search Training for Bank Searches Lowland SAR Technician Night Searches Health & Safety! High Viz Jackets Bring a torch (spare batteries + bulb) Don’t shine torch in peoples eyes Beware of head torches Maintain night vision (red lights for maps etc) Don’t go off on your own Lowland SAR Technician More Practice Berkshire Lowland Search & Rescue “Developing knowledge and skills” Missing Person Behaviour Lowland SAR Technician Where do we start? Lost Person Behaviour – Robert Koester Includes approx 57,000 missing person reports from around the world covering 76 different data fields . The UK Missing Person Behaviour Study – MREW Includes 1,271 missing reports so far Grampian Missing Persons – Grampian Police Includes missing person behaviour from 4 forces (though worth noting that the furthest South was Northumbria). Lowland SAR Technician Why is misper behaviour important Analysis of data from previous searches enables us to form a picture of:• What the misper might do • Where the misper might go • Where misper might be Lowland SAR Technician Misper Type - Dementia Lowland SAR Technician What is Dementia? Dementia is the loss of mental ability severe enough to interfere with everyday life resulting in a wide range of changes in behaviour and cognitive skills . There are currently about 850,000 people in the UK suffering from dementia . Alzheimers Vascular Dementia Multiple Causes Parkinsons Brain Injury Other Causes 56% 14% 12% 8% 4% 6% With most types of dementia, the person will experience a gradual deterioration in the condition. With vascular dementia, the condition deteriorates in steps. From a SAR perspective, there’s no discernable difference between the different types of dementia. Lowland SAR Technician Characteristics of dementia • Amnesia – Memory loss • Aphasia – Inability to speak or understand • Apraxia – Inability to coordinate learned movements • Agnosia – Inability to recognise common objects • Behaviour & personality changes • General confusion in time or place – where am I? • Often at risk of wandering and getting lost because they are disorientated, restless, agitated and/or anxious. • Often experience disturbed sleep patterns which may result in wandering at night times – less chance of being noticed. Lowland SAR Technician Hallmark Behaviours • Tend to live in the past • Suffer reduction in peripheral vision • Don’t tend to lose their road sense • Appear to be unable to turn around and will go until they get stuck • Are attracted to water and will walk into water (perhaps without realising) • May go unnoticed unless dress is highly unusual • Will not leave many verifiable clues • Will not cry out for help or respond to shouts (less than 1% responsive) • Succumb to the environment • Direction of travel is a good indication of where they will be found Lowland SAR Technician Dementia – Statistics Survivability Wilderness Urban Uninjured 73% 80% Injured 17% 14% Fatality 8% 6% No Trace 2% 5% Alive n < 24 hours 95% 736 > 24 hour 77% 79 > 48 hours 60% 30 > 72 hours 60% 20 > 96 hours 46% 13 Survivability Lowland SAR Technician Search Tactics • Direction of travel (if known) gives a good indication as to eventual find location. • Hasty route & path search of roads, tracks, routes, drainage etc leading away from the IPP. • Look for decision points and look for signs of turn off points • Corridor search parallel to roads and routes • Look for tracks/trails that may make no sense to use (ie, firebreaks where there are lots of fallen branches etc) • Check places where misper has been found previously, high hazard areas, previous homes, previous lost locations etc) Lowland SAR Technician Misper Type – Despondent and Suicidal Lowland SAR Technician What is the difference between ‘despondent’ and ‘suicidal’? Despondent A person who is despondent Someone who is despondent does not necessarily want to commit suicide. They may just want a bit of time out, space or isolation. Suicidal A person who is suicidal is going out with the express intention of taking their own life. Lowland SAR Technician Behaviour When a person goes out to complete suicide they tend to fall in 2 distinct patterns. Those seeking to get just out of sight • • The subject’s location is often at a transition line between an urban and rural interface. 50% are found within 1Km of the IPP Those seeking out a specific location • • • • • Often scenic or significant in their life history May represent a method of suicide Willing to travel to these locations Viewpoints are a common destination Still want to be just out of sight Lowland SAR Technician Despondent/Suicidal – Statistics Distance (horizontal) from the IPP (kilometres) Temperate Dry Urban Mtn Flat Mtn Flat n 103 193 20 14 96 25% 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.1 50% 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.9 0.5 75% 3.2 2.3 3.4 3.7 1.5 95% 21.6 17.3 18.0 20.7 13.1 Track Offset (Metres) n 18 25% 30 50% 50 75% 100 95% 275 Lowland SAR Technician Despondent/Suicidal – Statistics Find Location % Survivability Missing Person Behaviour Temp Dry Urban n 337 40 81 Structure 26% 26% 47% Road 12% 24% 11% Linear 6% 13% 10% Drainage 8% 3% 2% Water 15% 21% 19% Brush 1% Scrub 25% Field 6% 5% Rock 2% 3% Urban Uninjured 50% 54% Injured 15% 15% Fatality 36% 31% No Trace 15% Survivability Alive n < 24 hours 75% 474 > 24 hours 43% 144 6% > 48 hours 32% 75 5% > 72 hours 19% 48 > 96 hours 11% 37 5% Woods Wilderness Lowland SAR Technician Search Tactics • Direction of travel (if known) is a good indicator of person’s location • Subjects often found at the interface of two different types of terrain • Rare to find them in thick bush • May be evasive and rarely respond to searchers • Hasty search of trails, roads, drainage and other routes • Hasty search of scenic/significant locations • Search structures • May hang themselves so remember to look up • Many people simply walk out Lowland SAR Technician How to approach a misper who’s despondent or suicidal • Remove high-viz (if safe to do so) • Keep your own safety and that of colleagues in mind when approaching • Be mindful of body language • Be mindful of voice and tone • Consider the gender of person approaching misper • Don’t ‘crowd’ misper • Don’t try and contain the misper • Identify an exit if needs be • Be prepared to administer emergency aid if required Lowland SAR Technician Misper Type – Mental Illness Lowland SAR Technician Types of Mental Illness? Schizophrenia People with schizophrenia often suffer symptoms such as hearing internal voices no one else can hear or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts or plotting to harm them. Psychosis A state of mental impairment marked by hallucinations and/or delusions. Which although false are strongly held beliefs due to an inability to separate real from unreal experiences. Hallucinations Hearing voices is the most common. They may take the form of a conversation, warning of impending danger or issuing orders. Lowland SAR Technician Types of Mental Illness Delusions Around a third of people suffering from Schizophrenia experience paranoid delusions of persecution or false, irrational beliefs. Bipolar/Mood disorder Causes people to have dramatic mood swings, between extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression), often with periods of normal moods in between. Severe changes of energy accompany the mood changes. Post Natal Depression Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Lowland SAR Technician Behaviour Characteristics • Lack of or stopping medication is the highest cause of people in this category going missing. • People aren’t ‘lost’ in the traditional sense, but often evasive and running away or hiding from something. • May hide from searchers • Fear of authority is common • They tend not to penetrate thick briars /bush • May travel considerable distances without being ‘far’ from IPP • People with bipolar disorder tend to travel less distance than those with psychotic disorders • High survivability rate Lowland SAR Technician Mental Illness – Statistics Distance (horizontal) from the IPP (kilometres) Temperate Dry Urban Mtn Flat All n 23 23 8 25% 0.6 0.8 50% 2.3 1.0 75% 8.3 2.3 1.5 95% 14.6 8.1 2.5 0.3 1.0 Track Offset (metres) n 8 25% 50% 75% 95% 38 23 0.6 Lowland SAR Technician Mental Illness – Statistics Find Location % Survivability Missing Person Behaviour Temp Dry Urban 64 7 26 Structure 15% 14% 65% Road 24% 29% 8% Linear 24% Drainage 6% Water 18% n Wilderness Urban Uninjured 66% 64% Injured 19% 20% Fatality 15% 16% 10% No Trace 8% 14% 8% Brush Survivability Alive n < 24 hours 94% 95 > 24 hours 76% 25 Scrub 3% 14% Woods 6% 14% 8% > 48 hours 77% 13 Field 6% 14% 4% > 72 hours 80% 5 > 96 hours 80% 5 Rock Lowland SAR Technician Search Tactics • Hasty search of tracks and trails • Look for decision points and signs of direction taken • Search high probability areas several times due to misper movement • If bipolar, try to establish which phase the person is in • Cases do exist of misper attacking searchers, so keep an eye on personal and group safety. • If misper has spoken about suicide, there is a high risk of them completing it • Searchers should periodically listen carefully for misper movement Lowland SAR Technician How to approach a misper who suffers from a mental illness • Remove high-viz • Keep your own safety and that of colleagues in mind when approaching • Be mindful of body language • Be mindful of voice and tone • Consider the gender of person approaching misper • Don’t ‘crowd’ misper • Don’t try and contain the misper • Identify an exit if needs be • Be prepared to administer emergency aid if required Berkshire Lowland Search & Rescue “Developing knowledge and skills” Scenes of Crime Preservation of Evidence Lowland SAR Technician Why? A body may be found A find may indicate a crime May need to attend a coroners inquest Lowland SAR Technician 4 Golden Rules Life & Limb is the primary concern Limit access to only those needed Record everything Touch nothing Lowland SAR Technician Remember Every contact leaves a trace so Do as little as necessary Lowland SAR Technician Equipment Needed Barrier Tape (20m +) Pad & Pens, Pencils etc Camera Communications SEBEV > All equipment is carried in the Team Leader Bag Lowland SAR Technician Things to do 1. Inform control immediately 2. Safeguard the scene 3. Define Common Access Path (all in/out on the same path) 4. Record names of everyone who comes into contact with the scene. 5. Start a scene log if police assistance isn’t immediately available Lowland SAR Technician More things to do Note any vehicles and people in immediate area DO NOT approach suspect individuals TL on-scene is in charge until relieved by the Police You will probably need to give a statement to Police Make notes of everything Lowland SAR Technician The Team Leaders Role TL is responsible for:• Documenting the scene and access • Securing the scene • Protecting the scene • Informing authorities (via control) • TRIM – Trauma Risk Incident Management Berkshire Lowland Search & Rescue “Developing knowledge and skills” Briefing & Debriefing Lowland SAR Technician Briefing is ……. It is the means by which information can be passed to your team in the most efficient and effective way in the minimum of time and with the maximum effect. The briefing delivers information in a form the audience can understand and use. A briefing’s goal is to secure a coordinated or unified effort toward accomplishing the task. Lowland SAR Technician Why? • Understanding • Improve Performance • Welfare and Safety • Motivate • Reassure • Build Teams • Develop a Plan • Check Equipment • Communications Lowland SAR Technician Briefing (IIMARCQ) Information Questions Communications Intention WRITE IT DOWN! Risks Administration Method Lowland SAR Technician Debriefing is …… To evaluate how thoroughly a particular task was carried out. To identify tasks that need carrying out or repeating To enable us to plan the future Lowland SAR Technician Why? • Improve Performance • Capture Learning • Capture Evidence & Intelligence • Welfare and Safety • Motivate • Reassure • Build Teams • Progress a Plan Lowland SAR Technician Debriefing needs to be …… Timely Accurate Entirely honest Self critical if necessary Focus on individual belief Recorded Always open to Suggestions, Ideas & Recommendations