Transcript Document
Was the Congress of Vienna Successful? Water = Traditional Conservative Europe Metaphor Time Fire = Liberal Enlightenment Ideas Rolling BoilNapoleonic WarsBring Rev. to the Rest of Europe First BubblesFrench Revolution Was the Congress of Vienna Successful? Holy Alliance Congress of Vienna Censorship, etc Carlsbad Decrees Reactions to Congress of Vienna •Liberals, aka Classical Liberals, still exist after French Revolution •What are ‘Classical Liberals’ •Liberal in relation to ancien regime •Government should stay out of the economy, remove legal barriers to liberty and equality, and that’s it ((in other words, capitalism is liberal related to mercantilism) •Why called ‘Classical’? •However, Classical Liberalism has lost its appeal for many. Why? •Doesn’t go far enough •Classical liberalism helps the bourgeoisie grab power from the aristocracy •But does nothing for Proletariat (other than move them from the countryside to the city) •Classical liberalism seems to defend the worst aspects of the French Revolution •Child labor, etc.) •Failed in French Revolution •More radical reformers are inspired by the Socialism of the Reign of Terror period Utopian Socialism • Utopia = “nowhere” or the perfect society • Focus on community, rather than the individual • Inspired by the successful aspects of the radical French Republic (‘bread of equality’, etc.) • Socialist ideas: gov’t sponsored full-employment, no private property, full democracy, gender equality, closer to equality of condition • Linked to France and especially Paris • Utopians dreamed of these perfect societies, but offered few road maps Engels (repeat) • German academic whose father owned factories in England • Engels visited the factories as a young man and was appalled by the conditions there • 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England • He condemned the bourgeoisie as class criminals for their exploitation – We are getting to the idea of class consciousness • His work caught the attention of socialists – Especially those who wanted a more scientific socialism (later to be known as Communism) – Engels work in particular got the attention of a German political philosopher named _____________ • Interestingly, Engels may have gotten a skewed view of industrialization. Why? – England went first and made mistakes that other nations didn’t repeat Marxian Socialism • Marx saw that early (Utopian) Socialism was too ‘fanciful’ – not firmly grounded in theory or reality – begged the bourgeois for concessions they would never grant • Wrote the Communist Manifesto – Argued for a ‘scientific’ form of Socialism Marx’s- Simple Version • history is the story of class struggle – Aristocracy Bourgeoisie = Bourgeoisie Proletariat • Political, legal, and economic systems protect the class in power – Conservatism protected the aristocracy – Capitalism and Classical Liberalism protect Bourgeoisie • exploitation of the proletariat + class consciousness = VIOLENT revolution – Why was class consciousness already growing? • Believed that labor was the source of all economic value but that private property allowed capitalists to steal this value from workers • After ‘Proletarian Revolution’, abolish private property… end of historical class struggle Marxian Socialism – A More Complicated Look • Idea of history as a dialectical process (taken from German philosopher Hegel) – Dialectic process means all of history was constant tension leading to constant, predictable, change • Hegel argued that there was always a dominant societal model and an alternative model – The two fought it out until a new synthesis was formed and the whole process repeated. • Marx added an engine to this dialectic: economics – In other words, the roots of ‘the system’ is always economic • Feudal society was set up to protect the rights of the land owners (land equaled economic power) • Capitalist society was set up to protect the rights of the factory owners (factory equaled economic power) • Marx called the land and factories the ‘Means of Production’ – Abolish private property (‘no more individual ownership of the ‘Means of Production’ and you end the historical dialectic Marx’s Impact • Secular religion – included all of the dominant strains of thought of the time period: German philosophy, Utopian Socialism, and Classical Economics (Capitalism) • it replaced religion – (Marx rejected religion as the ‘opiate of the masses’ • Little noticed at first, but will become HUGE! Marxian Socialism Is Highly Radical • Fills Conservatives and even Classical Liberals with special dread. Why? • “Let the Ruling Classes Tremble at a Communist revolution. The Proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!” • Marx believed that the ‘haves’ would never willingly give up their privilege. They would have to be killed in a violent revolution. Nationalism • After 1st Hundred Years War- France and England • after 2nd HYW- rest of Europe • Definition hope to turn ethnic boundaries (defined especially by language) into political boundaries • Most early nationalists are liberals or moderate socialists. Why does this make sense? – Liberalism- freedom and equality of an individual – Nationalism is the freedom and equality of a people…each people must be able to make their pure voice heard • Why few conservative nationalists? – Conservative monarchs rule over empires– if these people get nationalist ideas, then you’ve got some problems • Nationalism’s Dark Underbelly – If we are prideful in our ethnicity, then … ??? – Later, we will be introduced to conservative nationalists and the #$!@ will hit the fan – National Socialism Nazism equality of condition, but only for our people Romanticism “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility” • German and English, which means it is religiously attached to … • Sturm and Drang Movement • • • • • • • • • Born out of Rousseau • Ludwig van Beethoven Johann Wolfgang Goethe • Liszt Francisco Goya • Richard Wagner William Wordsworth Lord Byron Mary Shelley Victor Hugo Alexander Pushkin Washington Irving Characteristics • • • • • • • • Emotion Spontaneity Love of nature Desire to know the unknowable Fascinated with the bizarre and exotic Anti-materialist Intensely individualist ‘bohemian’ A Break With Classicism • Rejects Industrialization Beethoven’s Ode to Joy Closely connected to Nationalism • Why? – Because…. It is like Individualism applied on a larger scale to culture – Seeks the unique essence of each culture • Brother’s Grimm and other folktales Possibly Wagner- Flight of the Valkeryies Here Clearing Up a Bit of Confusion • Congress System – Aka Concert of Europe – Occasional meetings to guide peace • Holy Alliance – Russia, Austria, Prussia – Enforces decisions of congress system – No major European War until WWI