Transcript Fishing Industries and their effects on Coral Reefs

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Fishing Industry’s
effects on
Coral Reefs
Global Change 1 Term Project
Kristin Thomas, Riley O’Hara, Sarah Barjum
Coral Reefs
• One of most diverse eco-systems on
earth, home to over one million species
• Hundreds of years to grow into complex
ecosystems like the ones we have today
• Human interaction with coral reefs is
causing them to be destroyed at such a
high rate that already 10% of coral reef
habitat has been destroyed
• Within the next 20 – 40 years up to
60% will be destroyed even further
Fishing Industries
• Fishing remains as one of the
top threats to coral reefs
• The majority of the demands
for Reef fish are through the
aquarium and food industries
• In 1998, the whole sale value
for the fish food market was
approximately 830 million
dollars
• The fishing industry is placing
large amounts of pressure on
the survival of coral reefs and
their entire ecosystem.
Research Question
How much damage do fishing
industries do to coral reefs
and what are the implications
of this damage?
Hypothesis
Fishing is doing heavy damage
to coral reefs. This damage will
negatively affect the fishing
industry as well as the food
chain of the ecosystem in
general.
Method
Compiled studies on ways coral reefs are
destroyed and how this destruction effects
the ecosystem its self and human populations
that depend on this ecosystem
Using researched information, we constructed
a model representing fishing's effect on coral
reef’s destruction rate.
Results
• Destructive fishing
– Blast fishing
– cyanide fishing
• Effects
– biodiversity
– economy
• Protective measures
– MPA
– Conservancy organizations
Blast Fishing
• This involves the use of a bomb set to explode
under water in a coral reef ecosystem
• When the bomb detonates, it kills or stuns the
majority of fish within its radius and the dead or
stunned fish float to the surface, were they can be
easily caught
• commonly used in over 30 countries and has caused
major damage and loss of Coral Reef Ecosystems,
including over 50% of reefs in Southeast Asia
• Shatters the reef structure
• It takes an estimated 100 – 106 years of recovery
Cyanide Fishing
• Poisoning fish till they become
stunned and therefore easy to
catch
• Crushing sodium cyanide, mixing
the substance with salt water and
storing it in bottles where it can
later be brought underwater to
reefs and squired into reef fish’s
habitat
• Commonly used for capturing fish
for the aquarium industry
• Sodium Cyanide is poison to coral
polyps, resulting in coral
bleaching
• Threat to surrounding marine life.
Biodiversity Effects
• 20% less coral in reefs not protected versus protected.
• Six times as many sea urchins in unprotected reefs.
• Population densities of 27 out of 134 species sampled
significantly lower in unprotected reefs.
• Damselfish and wrasse more abundant in unprotected
reefs.
Economic Effects
• Coral reefs secure the livelihood of over one million
fishermen.
• Fishing from reefs contributes up to 70% of total
fish harvest.
• Estimated loss in fish catches from damaged reef
versus healthy about US $192,000 over ten years.
• Over ten years healthy reef can yield 200 tons of
fish, damaged only 72 tons.
• Reef could potentially bring in US$20,000-$55,000
from local fish consumption and exporting live fish
• Apo spent US$75,000 to protect reef bringing in
US$31,900-$113,000 from both fishing and tourism.
Models
coral reef s
regeneration rate
growth rate
destruction rate
blast f ishing
cy anide f ishing
Model Results
1: coral reef s
1:
100
1
1:
50
1
1
1
1:
0
0.00
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• RILEY CAN U PUT IN HERE THE
GRAPHS THAT WE FOUND AND I
WILL EXPLAIN THEM
What can be done?
• MPAs
– Promotion of responsible fishery
management and habitat protection
– Over 400 in 65 countries
• Conservation Programs
– The Coral Reef Conservation Program
(CRCP)
– The National Ocean Services (NOS)
• Office of Response and Restoration (ORR):
works with oil spills and makes environmental
sensitivity index maps for coral ecosystem.
• Researching coral reefs’ diseases and other
health issues, supporting grants for on-theground coral reef conservation activities,
protection from ship pollution
Conclusion
• Many methods of
destructive fishing on
reefs.
• Destructive fishing
damages coral, lowers
biodiversity.
• Destruction of reefs
fishermen rely on has
negative economic
implications.
• Protective agencies
implemented to
combat reef
destruction
• Hypothesis was
correct
Remember…
SAVE THE CORALS
Work Cited
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Eco-Reefs. “Blast Fishing and Coral Reef Damage”. 2004. http://www.ecoreefs.com/damage.php
(2 December 2006)
World Wild Life. “Corals”. 2006. <http://worldwildlife.org/coral/> (2 December 2006)
Peter Denton. “Coral Reef Destruction Threatens Caribbean Countries”. 2004.
<http://newsroom.wri.org/wrifeatures_text.cfm?ContentID=3117> (2 December 2006).
NOAA’s National Ocean Service. “Marine Protected Areas.” 2006. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/
(30 November 2006).
World Reasources Institute. “Reefs and Marine Protected Areas.” 2006. http://www.nature.org/ (2
December 2006).
Alan T. White, Helge P. Vogt, and Tijen Arin. 2000. Philippine Coral Reefs Under Threat: the
Economic Losses Cause by Reef Destruction. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40: 598-605.
T. R. McClanahan, N. A. Muthiga, A. T. Kamukuru, H. Machano, and R. W. Kiambo. 1998. The
effects of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation.
89: 161-182.
Lewis Stone. 1995. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, Vol. 261, No. 1362. pp. 381-388.
Roy Caldwell, Helene Fox. 2006. RECOVERY FROM BLAST FISHING ON CORAL REEFS: A
TALE OF TWO SCALES. Ecological Applications: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 1631–1635.
Karen K. W. MAK, Hideshi YANASE, and Reinhard RENNEBERG. 2005. Cyanide fishing and
cyanide detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests and biosensors. Biosensors &
bioelectronics. Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 2581-2593.
P. Christie, A. White , and E. Deguit. 2002. Starting point or solution? Community-based marine
protected areas in the Philippines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Vol. 66,
No. 4, pp. 441-454.
H.E. Fox, P.J. Mous, J.S. Pet, A.H. Muljadi, R.L. Caldwell. 2005. Experimental assessment of coral
reef rehabilitation following blast fishing. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 98-107.
Work Cited
Pictures Provided By:
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The Coral Reef Gallery. “Sea Gallery.” 1997.
http://www.divegallery.com/ (2 December 2006).
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The Nature Conservancy. “Coral Reefs of the Tropics: Pictures of Coral
Reefs.” 2006. http://www.nature.org/ (2 December 2006).