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Practice exam for test 2, CHM130: Ken Costello, instructor Building Blocks Write down the type of organic compounds built from the elements indicated H C O N S P Hydrocarbons Carbohydrates & Lipids Amino acids & proteins More amino acids & proteins RNA, & DNA Match images to polyatomic ion: sulfite__ sulfate__,__ nitrate__,__ chlorate__ hypochlorite__ ammonium__,__ cyanide__ Write the formula for the following polyatomic ions (include the charge). CNCyanide: _________ NO2ClO4Perchlorate: ________ Nitrite: _________ SO32NO3ClO3Sulfite: _________ Chlorate: ________ Nitrate: _________ SO42NH4+ ClO2Sulfate: _________ Chlorite: ________ Ammonium: _________ PO43ClOCO32Hypochlorite: ________ Phosphate: _________ Carbonate: _________ Silver=+1 Zinc = +2 Write the correct formula for the following compounds 3 Potassium nitrate: KNO ___________ NH4NO3 Formula: Ammonium nitrate: _________ Ca(NO3)2 Calcium nitrate: ___________ 4 Calcium sulfate: ____________ CaSO Na2SO3 3)2 Sodium sulfite: _____________ Magnesium chlorate: Mg(ClO __________ HCN Hydrogen cyanide: ___________ CaCO 3 Calcium carbonate: __________ Formula: Formula: Iron=+3 Formula: Metric facts: 1 meter was originally defined as the distance from equator to north pole divided by? 10 million One tenth of a meter is called a decimeter How many centimeters (cm) in one meter? 100 How many millimeters (mm) in one meter? 1000 The volume of 1,000 cubic centimeters (cm3 or cc) is called a liter. How many milliliters (mL) are in a liter? 1000 A milliliter (mL) is what fraction of a liter? 1 thousandth A milliliter is how many cubic centimeters? 1 A cubic centimeter of water has the mass of how many grams? 1 A liter of water has the mass of how many grams? 1000 Complete the below conversions Complete the below dimensional analysis problems Starting units 0.15 meters equal 1 centi .01 = End units 15 centimeters 4 lbs. 454 g = 1816 grams = 250 milliliters 1 lb. Rate 100 miles hour Rate 20 grams Liter 0.25 Liters 1 milli .001 30 inches 2.54 cm 1 inch = 76.2 cm Rate 1 cal gOC Quantity 20 hours equal 1 Liter 1000 mL = Answer 2000 miles Answer 0.5 grams Quantity 25 mL = Qty Qty 101 g 10 OC equal 1 kilo 1000 = Answer 1.01 kcal It’s December and you want to heat up your pool. It is currently 50oF (10oC) and you want it raised to 80oF (27oC) Using an electric heater, how much will it cost if 1 kilowatt-hour is 10 cents? The pool is 7.0 meters long, 5.0 meters wide and 2.0 meters deep. 7.0m x 5.0m x 2.0m= 70. m3 A. What’s the volume in cubic meters? ______ 70 m3 x 100cm/mx100cm/mx100cm/m= 70,000,000 cm3 B. What is the volume in cubic centimeters?___________ since 1cm3 water=1 g 70,000,000 grams C. What is the total grams of the water? ____________ A calorie is defined as the energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. D. How many calories will it take to raise the pool water from 10oC to 27oC? _______________ 70,000,000 grams 17oC 1 calorie g. oC = 1,190,000,000 calories or 1.19x10 9 calories E. 1 calorie = 1.2 x 10-6 kilowatts hours. How many kilowatt-hours will you need? ____________ 1.19x109 calories 1.2x10-6 kilowatt-hrs 1 calorie = 1.428x103 kilowatt-hours 1.428x103 kilowatt-hours $0.10 = $142.80 > $140 kilowatt-hr F. How much will it cost to heat the pool from 50oF (10oC) to 80oF (27oC)? _______________ Abundance of elements The website, in the Earth’s crust www.webelements.com provides these 3-d graphs of abundance of elements. What elements predominate the Earth’s crust? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. This galaxy is measured to be 30,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles away and traveling 2,000,000,000 miles per year directly away from us. How far was it from us 15,000,000,000 years ago? (d=vt): ___________________ Abundance of Hydrogen in ppb by wt % Log ppb by atoms % Universe 750,000,000 75 8.88 930,000,000 93 Earth’s crust 1,500,000 0.15 6.18 310,000,000 31 Sea water 107,800,000 11 8.03 662,000,000 66 What does “ppb” mean? ________________ Human 100,000,000 10 8.00 620,000,000 62 A) How do explain that 11% of the weight of sea water is hydrogen, but 66% of the number of atoms in sea water is hydrogen? Hydrogen is very light, so it takes more of them to compete by weight. B) In humans, hydrogen make up 10% of its weight and 62 out of 100 atoms in the body. What compounds in the body have hydrogen? Water, lipids, sugars, carbohydrates, proteins. C) What does the log of 8 mean? It means 10 to the 8th power or 100,000,000 Fused for Nuclear Fuel Hydrogen (H) Helium (4He) Carbon (12C) Neon (20Ne) Oxygen (16O) Silicon(28Si) Fused during neutron core explosion Created from neutron capture in Supernova Main Products 4He 12C 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg 24Mg 28Si, 32S 56Fe, 56Ni All elements less than Fe All elements heavier than Fe Temperature 4 million K 150 million K 1 billion K 2 billion K 3 billion K 4 billion K 10-100 billion K 4 billion K A) What does the 12 mean in 12C? It is the total of protons and neutrons in this isotope of carbon. B) What temperature is oxygen created from carbon? And what other element is needed? 1 billion degrees Kelvin, and helium is fused to the carbon. C) Alchemists tried to turn common metals into gold and there are plenty of websites still saying they can do that. They could if they did what? Placed common metals in a supernova, or bombard metals with high energy neutrons. Zinc is used to protect iron in contact with salty water. What kind of reaction does this? Single Replacement Reaction And balance the equation. 3Zn + 2FeCl3 O || NaOH + CH3COH 2Fe + 3ZnCl2 Lye (sodium hydroxide-NaOH) is very corrosive. Acetic acid can be used to neutralize it. The acid from the acetic acid and the hydroxide from lye form Water what compound? ___________ What kind of reaction is this? O || replacement CH3CONa + HOH Double _____________ Write what type of reaction it is and balance the following chemical equations. Single replacement Decomposition Double replacement Combustion Synthesis (combination) If a yellow circle is one gram, which graphic bests illustrates the division?___ 2AlCl3 + 3Ca 2KClO3 2KCl CH3CH2OH + 3O2 + H 2O + 3O2 Na2SO4 + MgCl2 2NaCl + MgSO4 CaO 3CaCl2 + 2Al 2CO2 + 3H2O Ca(OH)2 3 1/5 A) B) 3 1/5 g SYMBOLS: Answer T for True/ F for false: H2O is water___ Formula for water is H2O___ H is hydrogen__ H is symbol for hydrogen___ Letter grade “A” means you know subject___ Letter grade “A” means you got an “A” for a grade___ ½ is a fraction___ ¼ is fractional numeral___ V is half of W___ The number five has 4 letters ___ Zero is nothing___ Zero is something_____ +3 4 60 Co 27 2 There are 7 symbols. What do each mean? 4 is four pairs of cobalt 60 is total # of protons & neutrons 27 is atomic number (# protons) 2 is 2 cobalt atoms + is positive charge 3 is how many electrons lost that caused protons to outnumber electrons. What is the net charge of this fluorine atom? What does the “+2” in Ca+2 mean? There are two more protons than electrons making a plus 2 charge. Write the synthesized esters in shorthand formulas Acetic acid (vinegar) Propanol (propyl alcohol) Propyl acetate > pear flavor H C H H H H C C H H H O O H O H H C C H H H C H O || Water is released H H C C H H Ester O O C + OH + O || C H H O || CH3C-OH H2O + CH3CH2CH2-O-CCH3 O O || || H2O + O HO CH3-CH2-CH2-OH H Example H2O + OH + HO Octanol (or gasoline>alcohol) +acetic acid O || OH + HO water + Octyl acetate (orange flavor) H2O + Benzyl alcohol (globs in lava lamps) + acetic acid water + Benzyl acetate (peaches, strawberries) O || OH + Isopentenyl alcohol H2O + HO + acetic acid water + Isopentenyl acetate (Juicy-Fruit) OH + HO O || H2O + Isobutanol (solvent/hydraulic fluid) + propionic acid (fungicide) water + Isobutyl propionate (Rum flavor) H H H C C O H H H + O H O C H H H C C C H H H H2O + H Ethanol (liquor) + butyric acid (rancid butter) water + Ethyl butyrate (Apple flavor) O || OH Amyl alcohol (oil of potato spirit) + HO H2O + HO salicylic acid (wart remover) water +Amyl salicylate (Pineapple flavor)