Transcript Document

Finishes
1
Major Topics
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Plaster
Gypsum Board
Tile
Terrazzo
Acoustical Treatment
Wood Flooring
Dimension Stone Tile Flooring
Resilient Flooring
Carpet
Paints
Vinyl Wall Coverings
Plaster
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Gypsum – a rocklike mineral (hydrous calcium sulfate) is
usually combined with clay, limestone, and iron oxides
(resulting color is gray, brown, or pinkish). In its pure form
it is white and known as plaster of paris
2 properties make gypsum useful as a plaster material:
 When intensely heated (calcined) it becomes a fine
powder
 When water is added, it remains plastic for a short
time and after it “sets” returns to its original rocklike
state
Provides superior fire resistance
Plaster con’t
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2 main “coats” of plaster:
Basecoat – neat (doesn’t contain aggregates),
wood-fibered (course cellulose fibers to provide
great coverage), ready-mixed (mill-prepareusually contains perlite)
 Finish Coat – the final operation in plastering;
Gypsums Keene’s Cement plaster – produces a
dense, hard finish and is crack resistant.
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Portland Cement PlasterExterior location called “stucco”
 Interior location called “plaster”
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Plaster Installation Considerations
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The surface should be clean (remove surface
laitance, form oil) to ensure good bonding –
sometimes requires sandblasting
When applying to masonry mortar joints should be
struck flush or slightly raked
May need to apply a “dash coat” (1 part portland
cement and 1-2 parts sand)
Over wood or metal framing --- metal reinforcement
may be used (diamond mesh & welded wire lath are
examples – see figures on pages 649-52 for
examples)
Plaster Application con’t
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The minimum thickness and # of coats depends
on the base
3 coat work:
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Consists of scratch coat (cross-raked to provide
better bond with brown coat), brown coat, and
finish coat (may be float, spray, or texture)
Gypsum Wallboard
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Main types:
Regular core – surface with manila paper for
smooth surface
 Pre-decorated
 Foil-backed – aluminum foil on back to act as
vapor retarder
 Fire-resistant (Type X) – core consists of
additives and glass fibers
 Water-resistant (WR) – contain multi-layers of
chemically treated paper & core contains
asphaltic additives
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Gypsum Board Edges
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Rounded
Tapered
Beveled
Square
Tongue and Groove
For examples of appearance and
application of each type see pages
672-73
Gypsum Board Fasteners
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Nails
Screws -- (drywall screws) zinc phosphate
coating with baked-on linseed oil
Clips and staples – used to attach the base
ply on multi-ply construction
Adhesives – used to attach single-ply
wallboard to wood framing, masonry, or to
laminate layers of drywall
Gypsum Board con’t
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Joint tape – used as joint reinforcement and is
strong-fibered with chamfered edges
Joint compounds – embed and bond the joint
tape and cover, level, and smooth the joints
and fasteners
A minimum of 3 coats usually applied
 12 to 24 hours between coats (unless quicksetting compound used)
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Edge and Corner Trim
Tile
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Ceramic tile is made from non-metallic minerals
fired at high temperatures and manufactured in
modular units
Major types:
Glazed wall tile – mainly used on walls [4’x4’]
 Ceramic mosaic tile – mainly used on floors
[1”x1”; 1’x2”, 2’x2”]
 Paver tile – floor units [4”x4” or larger]
 Quarry tile – larger natural clay units
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Tiles should be cut with suitable tool [no less
than ½ tiles]
Shapes of Trim Tiles
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Bullnose
Cove
Base
Curb
See page 701 for examples
Some Tile Setting Products
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Portland cement mortar – most common
Dry-set mortar – portland cement, sand, and
resinous additives
Epoxy mortar – used in areas where chemical
resistance or high bond strength is important
Furan mortar – 2 part consists of a resin & a
hardener ( used in labs and industrial plants)
Tile Grouts
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Type selected is based on kind of tile and type of
exposure
Some examples:
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Commercial portland cement
Silicon rubber
Epoxy
Furan Resin
Applied by troweling diagonally across the joints on the
face of the tile, excess removed by washing (sponge
used)
Joint width varies according to the type and size of tile
used [ 1/16” to ½”]
Terrazzo
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Used as early as Roman times; historically limited
to marble
Embedded small pieces of marble or other
resinous materials set in mortar which are
finished by grinding and polishing
Is a durable, low-maintenance floor finish
Can be cast in place or pre-cast
Basic Ingredients of Terrazzo Topping
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Binders
Decorative Chips
Pigments
Divider strips, expansion strips
Metal reinforcement
Isolation membranes
Curing compounds
Sealing materials
Acoustical Treatment
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Wall and ceiling materials are used to control the
transmission of sound
Includes:
Acoustical ceiling
 Integrated ceiling – consists of acoustical material,
suspension system, air distribution outlets, and
lighting fixtures
 Acoustical wall treatment
 Baffle –acoustical panel that is suspended from
an edge or “floats” in a space
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Acoustical Performance
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2 Major Terms:
Sound Transmission Class (STC) – a figure (in
dB – decibels) derived by comparing the sound
transmission losses against pre-determined
standards . The higher the number…the better
the soundproofing properties of the material
 Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) – the
percentage of sound energy a material
absorbs. The range is 0-1; the higher the
percentage…the better sound absorption
medium.
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Wood Flooring
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Wood flooring has excellent wearing qualities, moderate
cost, and is easy to install and maintain.
About 12 types of woods are used to manufacture wood
flooring (~80% of all wood flooring is hardwood – mostly
oak)
Moisture content is 6-9% for hardwood and 9-10% for
softwood
Most flooring is T&G
3 basic styles:
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Strip – up to 3-1/4” wide and ¾” thick
Plank – 3-1/2” to 6” wide and ¾” thick
Block – 9” wide and ½” thick
Dimension Stone Tile Floor
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Most interior flooring stone is slate, marble,
granite, limestone, or soapstone
The Marble Institute of America (MIA) does
not recommend using any stone flooring less
than ¾” thick to avoid possible cracking.
Resilient Flooring
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Is a class of flooring products distinguished by
resilience and dense, non-absorbent surfaces
Linoleum, 1st resilient flooring, was discovered in
England over 100 years ago.
May be purchased in sheet or square tile format
Classes include:
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Vinyl
Vinyl Composition
Rubber
Cork
Linoleum
Carpet
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First power loom for weaving carpets was
invented in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1839.
Factors comparing carpets include:
Pile yarn weight
 Pile thickness
 Number of tufts per square inch
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Installation of carpets is not limited to floor – it
may also be used on walls
Carpet con’t
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Possible material of the pile:
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Wool
Nylon
Acrylics
Polyester
Polypropylene (Olefin)
Face construction to identify carpet:
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Level-loop
Cut
Multi-level loop
Random shear
Frieze or twist
Sculptured
Carpet Installation
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Unless glued down, all carpet should have
some form of cushion (padding) under it
Padding materials include:
Felted hair
 Rubberized fibers
 Cellular rubber
 Urethane foam
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The density and thickness of the pad
determines the amount of cushioning and
should be selected based on use of area
Carpet Installation
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Carpet that is not rubber backed may be installed
using tack strips around the perimeter. The
carpet, after achieving adequate stretching, is
gripped by the strips.
Carpet may also be glued in place. This is
sometimes done in industrial settings and with
carpet tiles.
Paint
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Paint is a mixture of minute solid particles
known as pigment, suspended in a liquid
medium called the vehicle.
Pigment:
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Provides hiding power and color
Vehicle:
Combines the solvent (thinner) to ensure
consistency
 Combines the binder which bonds the pigment
particles into a cohesive paint film during the
drying process
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Paint Types
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Paints are described by the type of binder used
in them:
Alkyd
 Latex
 Oil
 Oleoresinous
 Rubber
 Urethane
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Primers
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Paint or transparent finish
materials intended for application
over bare surfaces
Wall primers, wood primers, wood
fillers, metal primers, and masonry
and concrete wall primers and
fillers are a few.
Paints
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Interior topcoat finishes:
Gloss
 Semi-gloss
 Flat
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Specialty Types of paint:
Heat-resistant
 Fire-retardant
 Zone-marking (traffic paints –fast drying,
little flow)
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Transparent Finishes
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Includes:
Wood stains
 Linseed oil
 Varnish
 Shellac [short shelf life – 4 to 6 months after
manufactured]
 Lacquer [not usable over previously finished
surfaces]
 Polyurethane
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Vinyl Wall Coverings
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These are fabric-backed polyvinyl chloride
sheets
Easily cleaned, damage resistant, and
stain and fade resistant
The sheets come in a variety of weights –
the heavier material is more resistant to
tearing
References
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Construction Materials and Processes, 3rd Edition. Watson, Don A..
McGraw-Hill, 1986. Imprint 2000. ISBN: 0-07-068476-6
Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Seventh Edition.
H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
Olin’s Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Eighth
Edition. H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2007.
Architectural Materials for Construction, Rosen, Harold J. and
Heineman, Tom. McGraw-Hill, 1996. ISBN: 0-07-053741-0
Basic Construction Materials, 6th Edition. Marotta, Theodore W.
Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN: 0-13-089625-X
Building Construction: Materials and Types of Construction, 6th
Edition, Ellison, Donald C., Huntington, W.C., Mickadeit, Robert E..
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 0-13-090952-1.
Architectural Graphic Standards: Student Edition, Abridgment of 9th
Edition. The American Institute of Architects. John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN: 0-471-34817-1