Transcript Document

Sustainable Transport in Africa:
Emphasizing Transit-Oriented Transportation
LAMATA presentation at the 7th Lagos
State Summit on Climate Change
21st – 23rd April, 2015
Sustainable Transportation
• … aims at promoting better and healthier
ways of meeting individual and community
needs while reducing the social and
environmental impacts of current mobility
practices
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Three Pillars of Sustainable Transport
Government Sustainability
Nature of laws; Enforcement mechanisms,
Flow of public and private resources into Sustainable Transport
Safety & Environmental
Sustainability
-Health of future citizens•
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Ambient air quality
Emissions factors
Public health records on
air pollution related
diseases
Accident and safety
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Social Sustainability
Economic Sustainability
-Equity-
-Innovation & Efficiency-
Travel times and other
measures of access by
gender social class
location of housing
Crimes and incidents in
transit
Costs of travel budget
shares etc…
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Transport costs in National
accounts
Fares and fuel costs
Financial balance of
private and public
transport firms
Institutional structure of
transport industry
Transport System: Geographical area, Participants, Modal split, Vehicle kms travelled
and Origin to destination survey
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Source: Juhel, Marc (2012): Sustainability Toolkit for transport projects. TRL/World Bank
Transportation in Africa
Air
Africa’s share of
global air
transport remains
modest at about
2.3% of passenger
traffic and 1% of
freight.
Maritime
African ports
handle only 6% of
global traffic and 6
ports (3 each in
Egypt and South
Africa) handle
about 50% of
Africa’s container
traffic.
Rail
Only 1% of the
global railway
passenger traffic
and 2% of goods
are carried by the
African railway
network.
Road
Prevalent mode of
transportation in
Africa, conveying
80% of the goods
traffic and 90% of
the passenger
traffic on the
continent.
Cost of transport and insurance represents 30% of the total value of exports in Africa,
which compares unfavourably with 8.6% for all developing countries.
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Situation in Africa
Cities lose an average of
$7 million daily to traffic
congestion
Increase in social
exclusion from economic
activities
Major
Issues
High percentage of
transport cost in proportion
to total household income
Transport sector contributes
25% of the 967.8 million
tonnes of CO2 emitted in
Africa
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Transportation challenges in African Cities
Cairo, Egypt
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Ghana
Nairobi, Kenya
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Poor public transport system
Institutional weakness and fragmentation
Inadequate financial arrangements
High accident rate: 1000 fatalities and 4000 injuries per year
Air and noise pollution
Poor planning and control procedures for landuse development
Low capacity of the existing road network
Inadequate funding
Poor terminal organisation and management
The use of small vehicles for public
transportation contributes significantly to
congestion on the roads
Low standards of road traffic awareness,
vehicle maintenance and driver behaviour,
which contributes to high accident rates
Poor maintenance of vehicles which results in
excessive emissions
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Inadequate integration of city
development plan & the transportation
network system
Inadequate public transport system
High cost of transportation
Long commuter distance and travel time
Inadequate development of nonmotorised infrastructure network
Poor safety and high incidence of motor
traffic accidents
Increased pollution and deterioration of
the urban environment.
Lagos, Nigeria
Transport Challenges
Inadequate
transport
infrastructure
Uneven urban
growth and
development
inadequate
regulatory public
transport
framework
Chronic
traffic
congestion
Contributes to Air &
Noise pollution in
Lagos
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Limited
alternatives to
vehicular
transportation
Lack of sufficient
high capacity
vehicles for
public transport
Accra, Ghana
Observed travel demand patterns
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Over 95% of all transit in Ghana are done by road.
Trotros (Minibuses), with a capacity of 12-22 passengers, are responsible for over 50% of
transit in Accra and utilise only a quarter of the road space;
While Cars, with a capacity ratio of only 1.5 people, carry only 14% of the passengers in
Accra and occupies the highest share of the road space at 33%.
Bus
15%
Car
14%
Car
33%
Taxi 22%
Passengers
Carried
Trotro
(Minibus)
52%
Taxi
12%
Light Duty
Vehicle
4%
Medium
Truck
Rail
1%
Other 1%
1%
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Source: Transport And Urban Growth Projections In Ghana, 2012
Bus
7%
Road Space
Usage
Trotro
(Minibus)
25%
Light Duty
Vehicle
8%
Medium
Truck 3%
Other 2%
Cairo, Egypt
Observed travel demand patterns
• About 80% of all transit in Cairo are done by road, where traffic congestions occur
most of the day and are not restricted to peak periods alone.
• Currently, there is no Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Cairo.
Microbus &
Minibus 19%
Car 70%
Car 20%
Metro 17%
Passengers
Carried
Taxi 35%
Road Space
Usage
Other 6%
Tram 2%
Rail 1%
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Source: World Bank Urban Transport Strategy Review. The Case of Cairo, Egypt. 2000
Taxi 15%
Microbus &
Minibus 7%
Small Truck
5%
Heavy Truck
2%
Big Bus 1%
Lagos, Nigeria
Observed travel demand patterns
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Demand for trips in Lagos Metropolitan Area by all modes (including walking) was
~22million per day.
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Walk trips accounted for 40% of total trips in Metropolitan Lagos.
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About 97% of all transit in Lagos are done by road.
Regulated
bus
2%
BRT 1%
Car
19%
Danfo
(Minibus)
72%
Passengers
Carried
Car 57%
Regulated
bus 2%
BRT 2%
Motorcycle
2%
Water 2%
Rail 1%
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Source: LAMATA Strategic Transport Master Plan
Road Space
Usage
Danfo
(Minibus)
24%
Motorcycle
16%
Nairobi, Kenya
Observed travel demand patterns
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In 2011, the total travel demand in Nairobi was 7.5million trips per day and over
95% of those trips are done by road.
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Walk trips accounted over 40% of total trips in Nairobi.
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The present commuter distance ranges between 30km – 40km.
Private Car
29%
Passengers
Carried
Matatu
(Minibus)
55%
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Private Car
60%
Bus
7%
Institution Bus
6%
Large Bus
6%
Road Space
Usage
Cycling 2%
Train 1%
Others 0%
Matatu
(Minibus)
17%
Source: Mairura Omwenga Integrated Transport System for Liveable City Environment: A Case Study of Nairobi Kenya
47th ISOCARP Congress 2011
Motorcycle
5%
Light Truck
8%
Heavy
Truck 4%
Environmental Impact
Africa
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The transport sector has become the fastest growing source of greenhouse
emissions in Africa as a result of an increase in the motorized means of
transportation in Africa.
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The top three countries on the continent with the highest level of CO2 emissions
by transport sector are South Africa, Egypt and Algeria.
Total CO2 emissions
from fuel combustion by sectors in 2011
4%
11%
Electricity and heat production
43%
17%
Transport
Manufacturing & Construction
25%
Others
5%
Other energy industry own use
Roads
95%
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Source: IEA
Other sectors
Environmental Impact
CO2 Emissions in Africa
• Increase in socio-economic activities in many African Countries has resulted
in longer commutes, which in turn has contributed to a rise in CO2 emissions
in the Transportation Sector.
Top Ten CO2 Emitting Countries by Fuel Combustion, 2011
South Africa
Egypt
14%
21%
Algeria
Nigeria
Morocco
Libya
Angola
28%
34%
27%
50%
40%
0
Source: IEA
Manufacturing &
Construction
Other sectors
43%
Tunisia
Ghana
Kenya
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Electricity and heat
production
Transport
31%
45%
50
Other energy
industry own use
100
150
200
250
300
350
Million tonnes of CO2
Environmental Impact
Nigeria
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In 2011, Nigeria had the fourth highest CO2 emission from fuel combustion in
Africa after South Africa, Egypt and Algeria respectively.
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The transport sector, with a 45% share, was the largest contributor to a nationwide
CO2 emission from fuel combustion of 52.8 million tonnes that year.
Total CO2 emissions
from fuel combustion by sectors
12%
22%
Electricity and heat production
13%
Others
0.2%
8%
Other energy industry own use
Roads
99.8%
Source: IEA
Manufacturing & Construction
Other sectors
45%
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Transport
Environmental Impact
Lagos
• The Lagos Air Quality Monitoring
Study (2007-2009) revealed that
vehicles contribute approximately
43% to the total level of air
pollution in Lagos.
• Over a quarter of the transport
sector contribution to CO2
emissions in Nigeria comes from
Lagos alone.
• The emission factors for many
Nigerian vehicles are close to the
Euro 2 Standards, which is 3 to 4
times greater than European
values.
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Environmental Impact
Daily Average CO2 Emissions in Lagos
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Below is a breakdown of emissions per vehicle category:
Daily Average CO2 Emissions for each Vehicle Category
HD Truck
MD Truck
LD Truck
BRT Bus
Coaster Bus
Danfo (Minibus)
Taxi
PC Diesel
PC P&D
PC Petrol
Motorcycle
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
CO2 (g/km)
*HD – Heavy Duty; MD – Medium Duty; LD – Light Duty; PC – Passenger Car; P&D – Petrol and Diesel*
Source: LAMATA GHG Emissions Handbook
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2000
Environmental Impact
Daily Average CO2 Emissions in Lagos
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However, in actual terms, the emission per passenger is lower for vehicles with
high occupancy rates (e.g – Buses)
Daily Average CO2 Emissions per Passenger by Vehicle Category
(Passenger Carbon footprint)
HD Truck
MD Truck
LD Truck
BRT Bus
Rail
Coaster Bus
Danfo (Minibus)
Taxi
PC Diesel
PC P&D
PC Petrol
Motorcycle
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
CO2 (g/km)
*HD – Heavy Duty; MD – Medium Duty; LD – Light Duty; PC – Passenger Car; P&D – Petrol and Diesel*
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Source: LAMATA GHG Emissions Handbook
1000.00
Environmental Impact
CO2 Emissions in Lagos
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By the year 2032, CO2 emissions by the transport sector in Lagos are estimated to
exceed 15 Million tonnes per annum if measures are not put in place to curtail it.
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10
15
8
10
5
5
3
0
0
2008
Auto Passenger
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2012
Transit Passenger
Source: LAMATA GHG Emissions Handbook
2032 BAU
Auto CO2 Emissions
Transit CO2 Emissions
Emissions, Million Tonnes
Passenger, Millions
Without Implementing Strategic Transport Master Plan (STMP)
The Big Moves in Lagos towards a Sustainable
Urban Transport System
• Develop a fully integrated mass rapid transit system to cover activity
centers identified Strategic Transport Master Plan (STMP) of the mega
city region
– Six Rail Lines
– 16 BRT Routes
– Key road projects
─ One Monorail Line
─ Over 20 water routes
• Introduce a common ticketing system to aid integration of public
transport modes.
• Develop the waterways transport network to integrate with Rail and BRT.
• Develop a ring road around Metropolitan Lagos to take pressure away
from the mainland.
• Use of ITS technology to optimize the transport network.
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Environmental Impact
CO2 Emissions in Lagos
• Execution of projects within the STMP will result in an emission level less than
8 Million tonnes per annum, which represents over 50% reduction in emissions
from the 2032BAU level.
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8
10
5
5
3
0
2008
2012
2032 BAU
20
10
15
8
10
5
5
3
0
0
2008
2012
2032 STMP
Auto Passenger
Transit Passenger
Auto Passenger
Transit Passenger
Auto CO2 Emissions
Transit CO2 Emissions
Auto CO2 Emissions
Transit CO2 Emissions
Source: LAMATA GHG Emissions Handbook; *BAU – Business As Usual; *STMP – Strategic Transport Master Plan
Emissions, Million Tonnes
10
Passenger, Millions
20
0
20
With Strategic Transport Master Plan
(STMP)
Emissions, Million Tonnes
Passenger, Millions
Without Strategic Transport Master
Plan (STMP)
Socio-Economic Impact
Cost of Traffic Congestion in Cairo, Egypt
• $8 Billion Total annual
direct congestion costs for
the Greater Cairo
Metropolitan Area (GCMA)
Unreliability
Cost 25%
• $22 Million Wasted daily
Cost of
Traffic Congestion
due to traffic congestion
• 3.6% of Egypt’s total GDP is
lost to congestion in the
GCMA alone
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Source: Cairo Traffic Congestion Study, 2013
Excess Fuel
Subsidy
Cost 20%
Travel Time
Delay Cost
36%
Excess Fuel
Cost 17%
CO2
Emissions
Cost 2%
Socio-Economic Impact
Cost of Traffic Congestion in Lagos, Nigeria
• 50 work-days ($1,600)
Average worker loses per
annum to traffic congestion
• 25% Average household
income spent on transportation
• $7.5 Million Wasted daily
due to traffic congestion
• 49% of average daily income
to buy one gallon of petrol
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Source: IBM Smarter Transportation Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
Socio-Economic Impact
Cost of Traffic Congestion
Nairobi, Kenya
Accra, Ghana
• 35 work-days ($1,095)
Average worker loses per
year to traffic congestion
• $1.1 Million
Lost daily to
unproductive man-hours, wasted
fuel, pollution and cancellation of
business appointments, as a result
of traffic congestion
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Source: Urbanisation, Urban Growth and Okada Services in Accra, Ghana
Nairobi City County Transport and Urban Decongestion Committee Report, May 2014.
Benefits
Results of Implementing the Strategic Transport Master Plan
(STMP) in Lagos, Nigeria
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Public transport station within 800 meters of every home
2,000 direct and 5,000 indirect jobs created by operating the BRT
5,000 direct and 10,000 indirect jobs created by the Rail sector
80% of public transport journeys (less than 25km) completed within
60 minutes
Over 20,000 Danfos(Minibuses) will be taken off the roads
60% reduction in cost per passenger journey
Construction of the Lekki Free Trade Zone (LFTZ), Lekki Deep-sea
port and Badagry port will decongest traffic within the metropolis
Improved transport network will encourage foreign direct
investment (FDI) in the Megacity
Benefits
Benefits of Public Transport…
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Enhances personal opportunities
Saves fuel
Reduces traffic congestion
Provides economic opportunities
Drives community growth and revitalisation
Saves money
Reduces fuel consumption
Reduces carbon footprint
Conclusion
Sustainable Transport in Africa
• To attain an appreciable level of sustainable transport
in Africa, governments have to create policies, enforce
regulations and aid the construction of infrastructures
that will steer people towards the use of an integrated
multi-modal high capacity Public Transport System.
• Embracing transit-oriented transportation in Africa will
help reduce traffic congestion, cut the cost of travel
and lessen pollution in communities.
• This will make African communities attractive to
investors, boost socio-economic activities and
improve the well-being of its citizens.
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Thank You