Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 15: Special Senses Figure 15.23: Location and structure of taste buds on the tongue, p. 581. Taste fibers of cranial nerve Gustatory hair Epiglottis Taste pore Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil Basal cell Circumvallate papilla Foliate papillae Stratified squamous epithelium of tongue Gustatory (taste) cells Taste pore Connective Gustatory tissue receptor cells (c) Connective tissue (a) Fungiform papillae (b) Taste bud Basal cells (d) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.24: The gustatory pathway, p. 583. Gustatory cortex (in insula) Thalamic nucleus (ventral posterior Pons medial nucleus) Solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Vagus (nerve X) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 5.21: Olfactory receptors, p. 579. Olfactory epithelium Frontal lobe of cerebrum Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Mitral cell Olfactory tract Glomeruli Nasal conchae Route of inhaled air Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Olfactory epithelium Filaments of olfactory nerve Lamina propria connective tissue Axon Basal cell Olfactory receptor cell Supporting cell Mucus Dendrite Olfactory cilia Olfactory gland Route of inhaled air containing odor molecules Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 5.22: Olfactory transduction process, p. 580. Extracellular fluid Na+ Odorant Adenylate cyclase Ca2+ 1 cAMP 2 Receptor Golf GTP GDP GTP 3 GTP 4 ATP cAMP 5 Cytoplasm Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. George Wald 1906 – 1997 received the Nobel Prize in 1967 for discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye Figure 15.1a: The eye and associated accessory structures, p. 557. Site where conjunctiva merges with cornea Palpebral fissure Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelashes Pupil Lacrimal caruncle Lateral commissure (canthus) Medial commissure (canthus) Iris Sclera (covered by conjunctiva) Eyelid (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.1b: The eye and associated accessory structures, p. 557. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Orbicularis oculi muscle Eyebrow Tarsal plate Palpebral conjunctiva Tarsal glands Cornea Palpebral fissure Eyelashes Bulbar conjunctiva Conjunctival sac Orbicularis oculi muscle (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.2: The lacrimal apparatus, p. 558. Lacrimal gland Lacrimal sac Excretory ducts of lacrimal gland Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal canaliculus Nasolacrimal duct Inferior meatus of nasal cavity Nostril Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.3: Extrinsic eye muscles, p. 559. Trochlea Superior oblique muscle Superior oblique tendon Superior rectus muscle Axis at center of eye Inferior rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Conjunctiva Optic nerve (a) Inferior Inferior rectus oblique muscle muscle Name Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique Annular ring (b) Controlling cranial nerve Moves eye laterally VI (abducens) Moves eye medially III (oculomotor) Elevates eye and turns it medially III (oculomotor) Depresses eye and turns it medially III (oculomotor) Elevates eye and turns it laterally III (oculomotor) Depresses eye and turns it laterally IV (trochlear) Action (c) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.4a: Internal structure of the eye (sagittal section), p. 560. Ora serrata Sclera Ciliary body Choroid Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) Retina Macula lutea Cornea Iris Pupil Anterior pole Fovea centralis Posterior pole Optic nerve Anterior segment (cavity) Lens Scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm) Posterior segment (cavity) (contains vitreous humor) Central artery and vein of the retina Optic disc (blind spot) (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.6b: Microscopic anatomy of the retina, p. 562. Pigmented layer of retina Neural layer of retina Central artery and vein of retina Optic disc Optic nerve Sclera Choroid (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.6a: Microscopic anatomy of the retina, p. 562. Pigmented layer of retina Horizontal cell Rod Cone Bipolar cells Amacrine cell Ganglion cells Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn (a) Pathway of light Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.13: Focusing for distant and close vision, p. 567. Sympathetic + Nearly parallel rays from distant object Lens Ciliary zonule Inverted image Ciliary muscle Lens (a) Lens is flattened for distant vision Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligaments) Parasympathetic + Divergent rays from close object Ciliary muscle Inverted image (c) Anterior segment viewed from behind (b) Lens bulges for close vision Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.15: Photoreceptors of the retina, p. 570. Process of bipolar cell Synaptic terminals Rod cell body Inner fibers Rod cell body Cone cell body Mitochondria Outer segment Inner segment Pigmented layer Outer fiber Nuclei Retinal (b) Opsin Connecting cilia Apical microvillus Discs being phagocytized Discs containing visual pigments Melanin granules Pigment cell nucleus Basal lamina (border with choroid) (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 5.19: Visual fields of the eyes and visual pathway to the brain, inferior view, p. 576. Fixation point Right eye Left eye Optic nerve Suprachiasmatic nucleus Pretectal nucleus Optic chiasma Optic tract Lateral geniculate body Superior colliculus (sectioned) Uncrossed (ipsilateral) fiber Crossed (contralateral) fiber Optic radiation Lateral geniculate body of thalamus Superior colliculus (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Occipital lobe (visual cortex) Corpus callosum (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.25a: Structure of the ear, p. 584. External (outer) ear Middle ear Internal (inner) ear (labryinth) Auricle (pinna) Helix Lobule External acoustic meatus Tympanic membrane Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.25b: Structure of the ear, p. 584. Entrance to mastoid antrum in the epitympanic recess Auditory ossicles Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) Semicircular canals Vestibule Vestibular nerve External acoustic meatus Cochlear nerve Cochlea Tympanic membrane Oval window (deep to stapes) (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Internal jugular vein Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube Round window Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 5.26: The three auditory ossicles in the right middle ear, p. 585. Malleus Incus Epitympanic recess Superior Anterior Pharyngotym- Tensor panic tube tympani muscle Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Tympanic Stapes membrane (medial view) Stapedius muscle Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 5.27: Membranous labyrinth of the internal ear, p. 586. Temporal bone Facial nerve Semicircular ducts in semicircular canals: Vestibular nerve • Anterior Superior vestibular ganglion • Posterior Inferior vestibular ganglion • Lateral Cochlear nerve Cristae ampullares in the ampullae Maculae Spiral organ (of Corti) Utricle in vestibule Cochlear duct in cochlea Saccule in vestibule Stapes in oval window Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Round window Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 5.29: Sound: source and propagation, p. 589. Area of compressed molecules (a) Air pressure Wavelength Area of rarefaction Crest Trough Time (b) Amplitude (c) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.31: Route of sound waves through the ear, p. 590. External ear Tympanic membrane Malleus, incus, stapes (ossicles) Internal ear Oval window Fluids in cochlear canals Upper and middle Lower Pressure Pinna Air External acoustic meatus Middle ear One vibration Amplitude Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Amplification in middle ear Spiral organ (of Corti) stimulated Time Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.35: Structure of a macula, p. 594. Macula of saccule Macula of utricle Kinocilium Stereocilia Otoliths Otolithic membrane Hair bundle Hair cells Vestibular nerve fibers Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Supporting cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.36: The effect of gravitational pull on a macula receptor cell in the utricle, p. 595. Otolithic membrane Kinocilium Stereocilia Depolarization Hyperpolarization Receptor potential (Hairs bent toward kinocilium) Nerve impulses generated in vestibular fiber Increased impulse frequency Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Excitation (Hairs bent away from kinocilium) Decreased impulse frequency Inhibition Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.37: Location and sturcture of a crista ampullaris, p. 596. Flow of endolymph Crista ampullaris (a) Fibers of vestibular nerve Cupula (b) Turning motion Cupula Position of cupula during turn (c) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Increased firing (d) Ampulla of left ear Cupula at rest Ampulla of right ear Position of cupula during turn Fluid motion in ducts Horizontal ducts Decreased firing Afferent fibers of vestibular nerve Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.38: Pathways of the balance and orientation system, p. 597. Vestibular receptors Visual receptors Somatic receptors Vestibular nuclear complex Reticular nuclei Input Cerebellum Central nervous system processing Oculomotor control (cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, VI) (eye movements) Spinal motor control (cranial nerve nuclei XI and vestibulospinal tracts) (neck movements) Output Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.