Transcript Document

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Planning, Policy and Management of Transport and Urban Infrastructure
(29.11.2004)
Organizational Structures of
Toll-Expressway Management
in Europe
Group 2 : GUAN Fang
Hiroki Fujiwara
LIU Yinghao
Outline
1. Overview of expressway development and
management system in Japan
2. Overview of expressway development and
management system in some European
countries
3. Comparison of Japan and European countries
4. Discussion points
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1. Overview of expressway development and
management system in Japan
Japan
General
• The Law, “Law Concerning Special Measures for Highway Construction” in 1952,
made it possible to develop toll toads by using Treasury
Investments and Loans and by redeeming the loans with
toll revenues.
• From 1956 to 1970, 4 public corporations was established
to undertake national toll road development.
• In 1972, the Japanese Government adopted a toll
revenue pooling system for the entire national
expressway system.
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Japan
Pooling System
• The pooling system is a form of cross-subsidization,
under which toll rates are uniform for all of the routes and
segments within the network, regardless of the cost or
traffic level.
Toll Setting Principles
• Redemption principle
• Fairness and reasonability principle
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2. Overview of expressway development and
management system in some European
countries
Fundamental Data of major countries
7
items
Japan
France
Italy
U.K.
Germany
total length of
expressways (‘03)
7,187km
10,322km
6,487km
3,477km
12,037km
toll expressways in
the total (‘03)
7,187km
7,720km
5,593km
(43km)
-
Rate of toll expressways
100%
74.8%
86.2%
(1.2%)
-
Name of expressways
高速自動車
国道
Autoroutes
Autostrada
Trunk
Motorways
Bundesautob
ahnen
Planning
Government
Government
Government
Government
Government
Construction
Public
corporations
Concessiona
ires
Concessiona
ires
Government
Provinces
Asset holdings
Public
corporations
Concessiona
ires
Concessiona
ires
Government
Provinces
Management
Public
corporations
Concessiona
ires
Concessiona
ires
Government
Provinces
Division of roles
France
General
• Public administration about roads:
DFTR (the Ministry of Facilities, Transport and Housing)
• From 1955, toll road policy was started.
• Toll(’03 JAN): 0.0686 euro/km (about 8.9 yen/km)
(＊1/3 times as much as in Japan)
• The toll expressways are categorized into 2 types,
Autoroutes and LACRA.
• The toll expressways are operated by 10 entities
including both public corporations and companies.
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France
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Classification of Expressways
Classification
of
Expressways
Toll
or
Free
LACRA
(expressways
inside a city)
Autoroutes
(intercity
expressways)
Free
Free
Toll
Toll
Operating body
Percentage
of the total
length
the Ministry of Facilities,
25.2%
Traffic and Housing
the Ministry of Facilities,
Traffic and Housing
Special public
corporations (SEM)
Private companies
74.8%
France
Expressway
Network
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France
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Financial Structure during 1960’s
Toll
Subsidy
70-60%
30-40%
Financial Structure of Expressway in France
(Data Source: World Bank, 1999)
Toll Setting Principles
• Redemption principle
• Cost burden principle
• Reasonable traffic assignment (routes, time)
France
Cross-subsidy
• The cross-subsidies system was within
corporations in the 1970s and among
corporations in the 1980s.
• The strategy resulted in continuous expressway
network expansion and toll harmonization.
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France
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Cross-subsidy
• 6 public corporations
compose 3 pairs of
corporations.
SAPN
SANEF
CONFIROUTE
SAPN-SANEF
SAPRR-AREA
ASF-ESCOTA.
SAPRR
ATMB
AREA
• The toll revenue is
pooled between the
corporations of the
same pair.
SFTRF
ASF
ESCOTA
France
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Examples 1
• Reasonable traffic assignment (time)
At A1, which SANEF owns, time fluctuation system about
the toll is adopted.
Time
～14:30
Ratio to usual toll
0
14:30～16:30
－25%
16:30～20:30
＋25%
20:30～23:30
－25%
23:30～
0
The tolls changed in time at A1 (Sunday)
Purpose:
To moderate the
congestion by the traffic
from Belgium or Lille to
Paris on Sunday
France
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Examples 2
• Reasonable traffic assignment (routes)
From 1995 ~ 1997, SAPRR did the toll adjustment
measure to moderate congestion.
A6
A5 + A31
279km
360km
Usual tolls
82 franc
115 franc
The adjusted tolls
Adjusted tolls
98 franc
48 franc
between Paris and Beaune (’95)
Homeward
route
Outward
route
A6
A5 + A31
With
84%
16%
Without
96%
4%
With
81%
19%
Without
95%
5%
Ratio of traffic allocation (comparison between with case and without case ‘95)
Italy
General
• Public administration about roads:
ANAS (the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport)
• In 1955, toll policy for expressway development was
implemented.
• There were 25 toll motorway concessionaires.
• The large public company, Autostrade S.p.A., operates
56% of the toll expressways(World Bank, 1999).
• Except Autostrade S.p.A., operators of toll expressways
are almost all in the operation form of one-road-onecompany.
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Italy
Entity Form of
Expressways
• In north area，25 semicorporations operate the
expressways.
• In middle area,
Expressways are operated
by the large corporation,
Autostrade S.p.A.
• In south area, Expressways
are operated by ANAS and
free to attract local users.
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Expressway Network
Italy
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Financial Structure in 1961
Toll
Subsidy
45%
55%
Financial Structure of Expressway in Italy
(Data Source: World Bank, 1999)
Toll Setting Principles
• User pay / Benefit principle
• Redemption principle
• Distance proportional
Italy
Cross-subsidy
• Tolls for motorways operated by Autostrade
S.p.A are uniform. The expressways in mountain
area have higher toll rate than those in flat area.
• A higher level cross-subsidy among different
corporations and companies. A “special toll” is
collected from the users of expressways by
Autostrade S.p.A. and used to provide
assistance to unprofitable semi-corporations.
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Italy
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Toll Rate of Autostrade S.p.A (lira/vehicle-km)
Vehicle
Type
Flat Area
Basic
Toll
Special
Toll
Additional
A
B
C
63.0
3.0
12.5
64.7
3.0
74.4
D
E
Mountain Area
Basic
Toll
Special
Toll
Additional
78.6
75.8
3.0
15.0
93.7
12.9
80.5
77.7
3.0
15.3
96.0
9.0
15.8
99.2
89.4
9.0
18.7
17.1
122.8
9.0
25.0
156.9
147.7
9.0
29.8
186.4
148.7
9.0
30.0
187.7
178.7
9.0
35.7
223.4
Total
Toll
1 lira ≒ 0.0555 yen
＊about 1/5~1/4 times as much as in Japan
Total
Toll
Italy
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Telepass – Contactless Toll Collection
• Telepass system, which was innovated by Autostrade
S.p.A, is the first system in the world for collection that
does not require drivers to stop.
• The single lane teletoll system has been operated since
1990.
• This system are used throughout the network managed by
Autostrade itself and on 50% of the Italian network
managed by other concessionaires.
United Kingdom
General
• Public administration about roads:
DFT (the Ministry of Transport), HA (Highway Agency)
• From 1937, general tax became the only source for road
construction and operation in UK.
• In 1996, there was 3200km motorways in UK with only
8km are tolled. Direct tolls have been charged for very
short road links, such as bridges and tunnels.
• In 2003, opening of the nation’s first toll expressway(M6
toll) built by a private company.
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United Kingdom
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Expressway Network
M6 (the road name in
the West Midland)
United Kingdom
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M6 toll is Britain’s first
toll motorway.
It was built to ease
traffic and congestion
through the West
Midlands.
Germany
General
• Public administration about roads:
BMVBW (the Ministry of Transport)
• From 1955, the large-scale expressway construction was
started, and the fuel tax was the source for construction.
• All expressways were free of charge.
• However, with the increase of heavy trucks of other
countries passing through Germany, from 1995 a special
charge on these trucks has been implemented.
• In 2002, they decided the construction
of the first toll expressway in the
source of private fund.
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Germany
Expressway Network
Germany’s position makes it the
hub of international truck
traffic.
→ ・heavy investments in
maintenance and expansion.
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Germany
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OBU System (On Board Units)
• The governments decided to induce a distance-based truck
toll for all heavy vehicles 12 tons above.
• OBU system is the satellite-supported free-flow system, and
used for positioning, monitoring and billing.
• OBU system calculates and collects tolls based on the exact
number of kilometers traveled on German motorways.
• OBU system does not require speed restrictions, stopping,
or use of a prescribed traffic lane.
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3. Comparison of Japan and European countries
Comparison of Japan and Europe
Comparison about the Times when
Expressways Constructed
100%
6,559km
11,515km
80%
2,976km
7,405km
60%
40%
20%
0%
6,478km
5,920km
(64%)
(90%)
639km
(10%)
Japan
(46%)
3,502km
4,110km
(54%)
(36%)
Germany
Italy
The share of
expressways built
by1969
The share of
expressways built
from 1970 to 1999
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Comparison of Japan and Europe
30
items
Japan
France
Italy
U.K.
Germany
total length of
expressways (‘03)
7,187km
10,322km
6,487km
3,477k
m
12,037km
7,187km
7,720km
5,593km
(43km)
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Rate of toll expressways
100%
74.8%
86.2%
(1.2%)
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Toll
(’98 standard sized car)
27.8
yen/km
10.37
yen/km
8.48
yen/km
-
-
toll expressways in the
total (‘03)
Public Support
•Italy: At the beginning about 20~30%, recently about 30% of construction
cost has been subsidized by the government.
•France: At the beginning about 10~60% of construction cost was
subsidized by the governments. Recently, there was a case of a new road
construction that about 40% was supported.
•Japan: In 2000, about 10% of total construction cost was subsidized by the
government.
Comparison of Japan and Europe
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Recent Financial Structure
of Japan, Italy and France
Toll 90%
Japan
Subsidy 10%
Toll 60-70%
Toll 70%
Italy
Subsidy 30%
France
Subsidy 30-40%
Conclusion
In contrast to Japan, some European countries adopted
diverse expressway-toll methods. For example, damage
to the road, ease of congestion, the rationality of toll, etc
are taken into consideration.
Maybe the reasons of different organizational structures of
Toll-Expressway management among European countries
and Japan are the different history, development of
expressway, also different financial structures, different
economical condition of different parts.
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