Transcript Democratic politics, religious revival, & reform

DEMOCRATIC POLITICS, RELIGIOUS
REVIVAL, & REFORM
CHAPTER 10
SECTION 1
Focus Question:
• How did the democratization of Americans
politics contribute to the rise of Andrew
Jackson?
Big Picture:
• 1824—REP’s split
• DEM = state’s rights, Whigs= economy
THE AGE OF JACKSON
Political Democratization
• End voting based on property ownership =
more voters
• End written ballots
• Appointed offices now became elected
offices
• Political “caucuses”—conferences within
political party to nominate presidential
candidate vs popular vote
THE ELECTION OF 1824
• Jackson won the popular vote but not the majority,
so the House of Representatives had to decide
• Henry Clay, Speaker of House, influenced them to
elect John Quincy Adams
• Once in office, Adams appointed Clay as Secretary
of State
• Jackson’s supporters claimed the two men had a
“corrupt bargain
ELECTION OF 1828
• Lots of “mudslinging” during the campaign
• Many states were expanding suffrage and the
number of voters tripled
• Many states no longer required owning property
• Jackson was supported by thousands of first time
voters
LOVE HIM
• Jackson’s status as a war hero
made him popular
• The fact that he did not come
from a wealthy family helped
people relate to him
HATE HIM
• Politicians and elite
feared he was
unpredictable, stubborn,
and too independent
• Feared he would give
too much power to the
common man
• People feared the
“Reign of King Mob”
I didn’t think he’d
invite the people “en
masse!”
This is decidedly
erroneous!!
POWER TO THE PEOPLE
• How did the people
gain more power
during the Age of
Jackson?
THE SPOILS SYSTEM
• Any and all government jobs
taken and given to
friends/supporters
• Jackson supported the spoils
system by saying
• Any “intelligent” person could
hold office
• Used to keep a To the VICTOR
goes the
small group of
SPOILS!!!
politicians from
controlling the
government
• In the words of
one of his
supporters “To the
victor goes the
spoils.”
EGALITARIAN
• Jackson feared the power of the
government
• Attacked (sometimes literally) any
politician or law he thought was
corrupt or dangerous to liberty
• Did not believe in special privilege for
the wealthy
• Thought bank favored the rich
VETOES
• Jackson worked independently of Congress and
politicians
• Vetoed more acts of Congress than the six previous
presidents
• Earned himself the nickname “King Andrew I”
Tariff Battles
3
Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap
textiles.
3
Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more
expensive woolen and cotton imports.
3
Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on
imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].
 Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes
from farmers in NY, OH, KY.
 The South alone was adamantly against it.
 As producers of the world’s cheapest
cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.
 They were negatively impacted  American
textiles and iron goods [or the taxed
English goods] were more expensive!
Votes in the House for the
“Tariff of Abomination”
NULLIFICATION
• What brought about the Nullification Crisis?
Tariff of 1828—tax on goods in the North to pay for the military
• Why did South Carolina threaten to secede from
the Union?
Could not pay taxes and drove up manufactured prices = BR
stopped demanding Cotton
• How did Jackson react to this threat?
Force Bill—Threatened with military Olive Branch—reduce the Tariff
(1833), Sword—South still pays reduced tax
• What was the result of the nullification crisis?
Calhoun (VP) said unconstitutional, South paid b/c feared loosing slavery
SECTION 2
Focus Question:
• How did Jackson’s policies and the Panic of
1837 help launch and solidify the Whig
party?
Big Picture:
• Jackson’s veto will try to end banks.
• Problems: no official printed money!
PSD: JACKSON & BANKS
Jackson
Banks
1. States made void
2. SC voids taxes = cannot
collect their own taxes
3. Power to pass laws and
make laws that are the
Supreme Law of the
Land
4. Can’t leave a league
and compacts are
binding
1. Rich/powerful bend the
acts, every man is
entitled loans
2. Farmers/mechanics/
laborers
3. Safe & convenient,
circulates $, checks
local banks, loans
4. Ensure foreign/domestic
trade
WAR ON THE BANKS
• How did Jackson feel about the banking system?
WHY DID PEOPLE LIKE OR DISLIKE THE
BANKS?
Like
•
•
•
•
Gave loans to rich
Protected money
Managed state banks
Allowed banks to print
money
Dislike
• Made it hard for farmers to
get loans
• All land must be paid in
species (gold or silver)
• Policies passed by Whigs
WHAT TYPES OF PEOPLE LIKED OR
DISLIKED THE BANKS?
Liked
Disliked
• Merchants, rich
• Whigs—party against Jackson
• Southern Farmers who had large
cash crops
• Democrats
• Depository Act—passed by D to
allow state banks to print paper
money
• Led to inflation
• Locos Focos
nd
2
Opposition to the
B.U.S.
“Soft”
“Hard”
(paper) $
3
3
state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
(specie) $
3
3
3
felt that coin was
the only safe
currency.
didn’t like any bank
that issued bank
notes.
suspicious of
expansion &
speculation.
The National Bank
Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
[an arrogant
aristocrat from
Philadelphia]
President
Jackson
BIDDLE VS JACKSON
• Who was Nicholas Biddle & why did Jackson dislike
him?
President of NB, allowed rich to take out loans (speculators)
• What did Jackson do when Biddle renewed the
charter early?
Vetoed the charter and took the $ and gave to “pet” or state banks
• What were the effects of Jackson’s actions?
Banks printed too much $ + gave out too many loans = inflation
The 1836 Election
Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
ELECTION OF 1836…PANIC OF 1837
• The winner is…
Martin Van Buren
• What created the Panic of 1837?
“Martin Van Ruin”
Too many banks, loans, notes = inflation, spreading to Europe
• How did Van Buren propose to fix the problems?
Created an independent treasury—Federal government keeps $
in treasury and monitors how much it gives to the states.
Results of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes loose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
SECTION 3
Focus Question:
• What new assumptions about human nature lay
behind the religious movements of the period?
Big Picture:
• Religious and reform movements attempt to
change morals in the U.S.
POPULAR RELIGION
The First Great Awakening
• What do you
remember?
•
•
•
•
•
•
When
What
who
Where
Why
How
The Second Great
Awakening
• 1790’s CT
• Revivals spread to frontier
states
• Second coming of Jesus =
repent sins
• “Exercises” in tents
• Led by ordinary farmers &
merchants
• Religion was a matter of the
heart, not head
• Law, order, & morality
• Led by Methodists
CHARLES G FINNEY
• 1820’s NY
• Area of former Puritans
“Burned-Over District”
• Former lawyer, then
minister
• Performed revivals in
Rochester, NY (Great
Harvest)
• Created “anxious seat”
• Appealed to upper
middle class
• Women key converters
MORMONS
FOUNDER: JOSEPH SMITH
Background
• The Book of Mormon
1827
• Descendents went to
America waiting for Jesus
who came and
performed miracles
• Descendents turn to
Natives by god
because of
conflict
Beliefs
• Practiced Polygyny
• Polygyny: The practice of
a man having more than
one wife.
• Simple religion
understanding
• Attracted poor and
uneducated
Goal: Convert Indians
and escape
persecution
VIEWS BY OTHERS
• Went against the bible
• One of the two documents that was very
important to American Republic
UNITARIANS
BY: JACOB KOLLER, THE STEPHINATOR, AND
HUNTER SULLENBERGER
UNITARIANS
 Formed in the 1800s.
 Concentrated mainly in New England.
 Believed that Jesus Christ was less than fully divine. (Jesus
was just an average human)
 Believed that human beings could change for the better.
 Criticized revivalists and had conflict with them. (revivalists
were too emotional)
1 Background
• The founder was mother Ann Lee in 1770
• came over form England in 1774
• created agricultural-artisans societies, called families
2 Beliefs
• communal societies separated men and women
• no marriages
• anti-materialism
• separated from the outside
• confession of sins
• growth through adoption
• named for their religions dance
• no discrimination
3 reactions
• people considered their communities beautiful
• admired their architecture, crafts, and furniture.
SECTION 4
Focus Question:
• Did the reform movements primarily aim at making
Americans more equal or orderly?
Big Picture:
• Men & women joined reform movements to
improve education, equality, & civil rights.