Transcript Cell ENERGY & ENZYMES
CELL ENERGY & ENZYMES
C H . 5 . 1 0 - 5 . 1 6 , C H . 6 & C H . 7
CELLS MUST CREATE AND/OR PROCESS ENERGY USING CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
• ENZYMES: • CATALYST: a substance that causes a chemical reaction to ______________ The substance is not changed or used up.
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
• Most enzymes are
____________________
• Act as a _____________ to accelerate reactions •
______________________
changed in the process
ENZYMES
•
___________ for what they catalyze
•
Are _________
•
End in “_____”
HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?
Enzymes work by ______________________, which lowers the
__________________________________
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
THE ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
Substrate Joins Enzyme
ACTIVE SITE
Active Site
Substrate Enzyme
WHAT AFFECTS ENZYME ACTIVITY?
Three factors…
1.
2.
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• Extreme __________________ are the most dangerous • _________ (most “like” _______________, near neutral) • ____________________________ (_________________)
COFACTORS & COENZYMES
Example: ____________ must be present in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.
2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS
1.
Competitive inhibitors: Substrate
Competitive inhibitor Enzyme
2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS
2.
Non-competitive inhibitors: Substrate
active site altered Enzyme Noncompetitive Inhibitor
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PURPOSE OF ENZYMES: • 1. (ex. synthesis of DNA) • 2. (ex. digestion of foods) • 3. Enzymes A Fun Introduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X TUm-75-PL4&feature=related
ANABOLIC VS. CATABOLIC
ANABOLIC REACTIONS
• •
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
• Example: Photosynthesis • Example: Cellular Respiration
•
A
•
B
•
C
•
D
MEMORY TRICK!
EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES
Enzyme Name
Lipase Peptidase Lactase Cellulase Pectinase Polymerase
Job
Breaks down lipids (fats) Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together (proteins) Breaks down lactose found in dairy products Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls Breaks down pectin found in cell walls Builds DNA and RNA
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Monosaccharide Disaccharide www.unitedstreaming.com
GHScardinal greenwich - “Lactose Intolerance” Monosaccharide
• CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things. Its job is to break down the poison hydrogen peroxide.
2 H
2
O
2
catalase 2 H
2
O + O
2 • • • • Substrate(s)?
Enzyme?
Reactant (s)?
Product(s)?
• • • OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE: a specific temperature at which an enzyme’ s catalytic activity is at its greatest
DO ALL ORGANISMS HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR THEIR ENZYMES?
An enzyme found in Wild Alaskan Salmon An enzyme found in Bacteria An enzyme found in Humans
THE SAME GOES FOR ______ • pH: Each enzyme works within a small pH range. When an enzyme is NOT in its optimal pH environment the active site of the enzyme changes shape. • Acidic pH levels: • Neutral pH level: • Basic pH levels: • OPTIMAL pH: a specific pH level at which an enzyme’ s catalytic activity is at its greatest.
DO ALL ENZYMES IN AN ORGANISM HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM PH?
Amylase Pepsin Trypsin
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ENZYME REACHES PAST IT’S OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE OR pH?
DENATURATION (denature):
Denatured proteins will not go back to their original shape!!
CELL ENERGY
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
•
Photosynthesis:
• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
CHLOROPLAST
ANATOMY OF A CHLOROPLAST
HOW DOES THE CHLOROPLAST ABSORB SUNLIGHT ENERGY?
•
Pigments:
• • • Chlorophyll a (green) Chlorophyll b (green) Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)
Chlorophylls
absorb most strongly in the ____________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ This is why plant parts that contain chlorophyll appear green to the human eye.
Word Formula Chemical Formula
Reactants
(Into the Chloroplast)
Products
(Out of the Chloroplast)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
PART 1: LIGHT REACTION
PART 2: CALVIN CYCLE
THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT What is a valid conclusion based on this graph ?
O 2 production decreases as the wavelength increases from 550 – 650 nm Respiration rate in bacteria is greatest at 550 nm
Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light
The algae absorb the greatest amount of O 2 light in red
THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT 2. 3.
Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light
Evidence: 1. Animation of experiment
PHOTOSYNTHESIS DRAWINGS!
Photosynthesis Overview – Page 118 Light Reaction in detail – Page 114 Calvin Cycle in detail – Page 116 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR
CELL ENERGY
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
BREAKS DOWN INTO MICROSCOPIC MOLECULES Loaf of bread Bread crumbs
GLUCOSE ’ S FINAL DESTINATION…
CELLULAR RESPIRATION The energy is released in the form of ___________!!!!
Cellular Respiration GLUCOSE ENERGY (ATP)
A DENOSINE T RI P HOSPHATE
•
ATP:
•
Cellular Activities that require ATP:
• Active Transport of the cell membrane • Making new DNA and new cells • Muscle contractions • Nerve impulses
Glucose ATP
ATP FUNCTION ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN: The bond between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
Word Formula CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Reactants
(Into Mitochondria)
Products
(Out of Mitochondria)
Chemical Formula
• WHAT TYPE OF ORGANISMS PERFORM CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
• • AKA: producer • Examples: plants, algae & some bacteria • AKA: consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore • Examples: animals, fungi, & most bacteria
CELL RESPIRATION OVERVIEW
PART 1: GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY
TRANSITION TO KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE
PART 2: KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE
PART 3: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
WITHOUT O 2 : FERMENTATION
CELL RESPIRATION REACTIONS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION DRAWINGS!
Cell Respiration Overview – Page 100 Glycolysis – Page 95 Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97 ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98 Fermentation – Page 101 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR
YEAST - MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
Significance of Yeast
Food Industry Medical Biofuel Industry
ILLUSTRATE INTERDEPENDENCE • Illustrate the interdependent relationship that occurs between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
• Performed by PHOTOSYNTHESIS organisms.
• This cellular process occurs in organelle called • CO 2 and H 2 O are the • Glucose and O 2 are the .
• Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy • It is an reaction. cells, in the
CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Performed by organisms.
& • This cellular process occurs in cells, & • in the organelle called .
Glucose is stored energy for the cell. ATP is usable energy for the cell. • It is a reaction. • CO2 and H2O & ATP are the • Glucose and O2 are the