Transcript Social Welfare - Illinois State University

Social Welfare Programs
Chapter 7 additional terms
• Poverty definition: problems with
• Absolute vs relative poverty
• Liberal and conservative views
external vs. internal locus of control
• Types of programs:
– social insurance vs public assistance
– Cash vs. in-kind
Social Welfare Programs
•
•
•
•
Social Insurance (Social Security)
Employment Regulation
Public Assistance
Family Programs
CORE SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS:
• OASDHI
–Old Age Pension, Survivors Insurance,
Disability Insurance, Health Insurance
•
•
•
•
Workers Compensation
Unemployment Insurance
Sickness Pay
National Health Insurance
Dates of Enactment of Social Insurance
Programs in Seven Nations
Country
Workman's
Pension
Sickness Unemployment
Health
Compensation Insurance Insurance
Insurance
Insurance
Canada
France
1930
1898
1927
1905
1971
1930
1940
1905
1972
1945
Germany
1884
1889
1883
1927
1880
Italy
1898
1919
1928
1919
1945
Sweden
1901
1910
1934
1965
United King.
1887
1913
1908
1911
1911
1948
United States
1935
1935
----
1935
----
Source: Robert Kurdle and Theodore R. Marmor, "The Development of Welfare
States in North America," in Flora and Heidenheimer (1981, 83)
European Family Programs:
• Family Allowance
• Strict Child Support enforcement
• Paid Family Leave
• Subsidized Child Care
Public Assistance Programs:
•
•
•
•
•
•
AFDC
Food Stamps
Medicaid
SSI (formerly AB, APTD, OAA)
General Assistance
Poverty Programs:
• Meals on Wheels, School Lunch, Head Start, Job Training,
WIC, Energy Assistance
US Welfare Programs: 1968
Eligibility
AFDC (1935)
1 or 2 parent families w\
children
OAA (1935)
AB (1935)
APTD (1950s)
Medicaid (1965)
Food Stamps (1962)
General Assistance
Elderly
Blind
Disabled
Poor (varies)
Poor
Poverty programs (not
entitlements)
Public Housing, Job
F\S\L
Training, Food programs,
Head Start, health care,
energy assistance, social
services, ….
F\S
F\S
F\S
F\S
F
S\L
SSI
(1972)
Federal\State\
Local
F\S
Program
Flaws in U.S Welfare: 1968
·
Work disincentives
·
Family disincentives
·
Bureaucracy
·
·
·
Certifying eligibility; checking for fraud
·
Too many agencies and layers of govt.
Inequity
·
State to state variations in benefits
·
Arbitrary categories
Stigma
Relative child poverty rates,
circa 2000
% Children in Single Mother
Families circa 2000
United States
United Kingdom
Italy
United States
Spain
Sweden
Ireland
Australia
Canada
Denmark
United Kingdom
Norway
Australia
Canada
Germany
Ireland
France
Austria
Austria
Finland
Belgium
Germany
Switzerland
below 50%
median income
Netherlands
Norway
France
Belgium
Netherlands
below 40%
median income
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
Spain
Switzerland
Italy
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
15
20
Possible Solutions: Carrots and Sticks
Sticks: Penalizing Recipients:
Workfare (education also?)
Reduce benefits
Reduce Eligibility
Increase Penalties:
school truancy, drug testing, additional children
Carrots:
(major reforms)
Negative Income Tax
Earned Income Tax Credit
(adjustments)
Child Support exclusion
Child Care
Two-parent families
Continue Medicaid
Job Training
1988 Family Support Act
·
Increase Child Support Enforcement
·
Extended Child Care and Medicaid 9 mos .
·
All states cover 2-parent families
·
Workfare and Job Training
·
State Waivers for experimentation
1996 Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act
·
AFDC becomes TANF
·
2-year and 5-year limits
·
teenage mothers must live at home
·
legal aliens excluded
·
stricter workfare requirements
·
Federal funding: block grant
·
Much State discretion
·
·
SSI:
·
·
stricter disability standard for disabled children
legal aliens excluded
·
drug addiction and alcoholism not covered
FOOD STAMPS
·
workfare requirements
·
legal aliens excluded
FIGURE 9.7
U.S. Poverty Rates, by Age: 1959-2010
30
20
Children
Elderly
10
0
1960
'70
Source: Census Bureau, Historical Poverty Tables
'80
'90
'00
'10
Food Stamp (SNAP) Recipients (000s)
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 1960-2011
(thousands)
14,000
12,000
10,000
Recipients
8,000
6,000
Families
4,000
2,000
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
US poverty rates
30
children
20
10
elderly
0
'59
'65
'71
'77
'83
'89
'95
'01
'07
US: % Children in female-householder families
25
20
15
10
5
0
'59
'65
'71
'77
'83
'89
'95
'01
'07