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Chapter 1: The Study of Life
Section 1: Introduction to Biology
Section 2: The Nature of Science
Section 3: Methods of Science
• Section 1: All living things share the characteristics of life.
• Section 2: Science is a process based on inquiry that
develops explanations.
• Section 3: Biologists use specific methods when
conducting research.
Essential Questions
• What is biology?
• What are possible benefits of studying biology?
• What are the characteristics of living things?
• What are the characteristics of scientific inquiry?
• What are the differences between science and pseudoscience?
• Why is scientific literacy important?
• What are the differences between an observation and an inference?
• What are the differences among a control, independent variable, and dependent variable?
• What are the scientific methods a biologist uses for research?
• Why are the metric system and SI important?
Vocabulary
Review
New continued
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• investigation
• theory
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biology
organism
organization
growth
development
reproduction
species
stimulus
response
homeostasis
adaptation
science
theory
law
peer review
ethics
observation
inference
scientific method
hypothesis
experiment
control group
experimental group
independent variable
dependent variable
constant
data
metric system
SI
Introduction to Biology
Section 1
Main Idea
All living things share the characteristics of life
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Find Out
L
What I Learned
Essential Questions
• What is biology?
• What are possible benefits of studying biology?
• What are the characteristics of living things?
Vocabulary
Review
New
environment
biology
organism
organization
growth
development
reproduction
species
stimulus
response
homeostasis
adaptation
science
???
• Biology comes from the Greek ____, meaning “___”, and from logos, meaning
“________”
• Whenever you see –ology, it means “the study of”
• In Biology we study:
• The origins and history of life, both past and present
• The ________ of living things
• How living things interactive with one another
• How living things _____________
A biologist does what???
• Study the ____________ of life
• Research diseases – medical biologist
• Develop and refine technologies - biotechnology
• Improve agriculture
• Preserve the environment
Characteristics of Life
__________ had or have all of the characteristics of life:
• Made of _____ or more cells
• Cells are the basic unit of all living things – the building blocks
• One cell = unicellular; more than one cell = multicellular
• Displays __________
• They arrange in an orderly way
• Unicellular contain organized functional structures and often work together; multicellular
have specialized cells organized into tissues, tissues organized into organ, organs
organized into organ systems that work together to support life
• _________ and develops
• Most everything starts as a single cell
• Mass is then added (usually by added new cells) through cell growth, and have natural
changes over organism’s lifetime that is called development
• _____________________
• Make offspring!
• Species are organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring
Characteristics of Life, cont.
• Responds to ____________
• ___________ = anything that causes a reaction (response) by the organism
• Requires _______________
• _________ provides energy
• Most plants use light energy from the Sum to make their own (photosynthesis);
organisms that don’t make their own get it by consuming others (that leads back to
something that does)
• Maintains _______________
• A balance and regulation of internal conditions
• Adaptations evolve over time
• = inherited characteristic that allows species to survive more efficiently
• Usually caused by a change in environment
Match the correct scenario to its
corresponding characteristic of life
Characteristic of Life
• Responds to stimuli
• Maintains homeostasis
• Adaptations evolve over
time
• Requires energy
Scenario
• A cheetah responds to the
need for food by chasing a
gazelle. The gazelle
responds by running away.
• Many organisms need to
take in food, like us; but
some make their own.
• Humans perspire to
prevent their body
temperature from rising too
high.
• Tropical orchids have roots
that are adapted to life in a
soil-less environment.
Review – Did I get it?
•
Are you able to answer this section’s questions? (from beginning of section
notes)
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Are you comfortable with the vocabulary words from this section?
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Fill in your KWL
The Nature of Science
Section 2
Main Idea
Science is a process based on inquiry that develops explanations
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Find Out
L
What I Learned
Essential Questions
• What are the characteristics of scientific inquiry?
• What are the differences between science and pseudoscience?
• Why is scientific literacy important?
Vocabulary
Review
Investigation
New
Science
Theory
Law
Peer Review
Ethics
What is S C I E N C E ???
• Science is a body of knowledge based on the study of nature.
• The nature or essential characteristics, of science is scientific
___________.
• Scientific inquiry is both a creative process and a process rooted
in unbiased observations and _______________________.
What is S C I E N C E ???
• A _______ is an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported
by many observations and experiments over time.
• A scientific ____describes relationships under certain conditions
in nature, but does not explain why the relationship is the way it
is.
• Theories do not become laws and laws do not become theories.
Make observations and draw conclusions
• Scientists choose subjects to study and decide what types of
data to collect.
• They analyze the data collected and draw conclusions.
Expands knowledge
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Scientific explanations combine what is already known with
evidence from additional observations and experiments.
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Driven by the search for new knowledge
Constantly reevaluate what is known
____________________ imitate science
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Driven by cultural or commercial goal
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Alchemy
New questions and additional research are not welcomed
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THE EARTH IS FLAT! THE SUN ORBITS THE EARTH!
Alchemy
• Psuedoscience - BNTSG Full episode
Challenge accepted theories
• Scientists welcome debate about one another’s ideas.
• Sciences advance by accommodating new information as it is
discovered
Challenge accepted theories
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In science, observations or data that are not consistent with
current scientific understanding are of interest.
These inconsistencies often lead to further investigations.
In ____________________, inconsistencies are discarded, or
even ignored
Test Claims
• Scientists use standard experimental procedures.
• Their claims based on a large amount of data and observations
obtained from unbiased investigations and carefully controlled
experimentation.
• Pseudoscientists make claims that cannot be tested, or are a
mixture of fact and opinion.
Undergoes peer review
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Before it is made public, science-based information is reviewed
by scientists’ peers.
__________is a process by which the procedures used during
an experiment and the results are evaluated by other scientists
who are in the same field or who are conducting similar
research.
Science literacy
• A person who is scientifically literate combines a basic
understanding of science and its processes with reasoning and
thinking skills.
• ___________is a set of moral principles or values.
Review – Did I get it?
•
Are you able to answer this section’s questions? (from beginning of section
notes)
•
Are you comfortable with the vocabulary words from this section?
•
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Methods of Science
Section 3
Main Idea
Biologists use specific methods when conducting research
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Find Out
L
What I Learned
Essential Questions
• What are the differences between an observation and an inference?
• What are the differences among a control, independent variable, and
dependent variable?
• What are the scientific methods a biologist uses for research?
• Why are the metric system and SI important?
Vocabulary
Review
New
Theory
Observation
Inference
Scientific method
Experiment
Control group
Experimental group
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Constant
Data
Metric system
SI
Science literacy
• Scientific inquiry begins with _____________.
• Scientific inquiry involves asking questions and processing
information from a variety of reliable sources.
• The process of combining what you know with what you have
learned to draw logical conclusions is called inferring; the
conclusions themselves are called _________________.
• The methods scientists use to gather data and answer questions are
referred to as _________________________.
Scientific Method
• Scientific Method is a stepby-step organized plan for
gathering, organizing, and
communicating information.
STEPS
1. Make ______________
2. Ask ______________
3. Develop ___________
4. ____________(include
variables)
5. _______Data and Draw
_____________
- State if hypothesis is
_________or not supported
6. Develop __________
Scientific Method Detailed
• 1&2. Making observations - Information that you obtain from your
senses that provides you with a question
• 3. Develop a hypothesis • ______________– A proposed answer to a question.
• It’s used to answer questions raised by one of your observations. In order for a
hypothesis to be useful, it must be testable.
Scientific Method
• 4. Experiment or Testing a Hypothesis – Scientists perform
experiments to test a hypothesis. In an experiment, any factor that can
change is called a variable.
• Variable- variable that causes change in another variable
• Manipulated variable or ____________________variable that causes a change
in another variable.
• Responding variable or __________________variable that changes in response
to the manipulated variable.
• ___________experiment- An experiment in which only one variable, the
manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time. The responding variable
is observed for changes, all other variables are kept constant, or controlled.
• 5. Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions – See if your data from you
experiment supports your hypothesis. If it does not, you must revise
your hypothesis, or propose a new one. Then you must design a new
experiment.
Come up with 2 example
scenarios and identify their
dependent and independent
variables
Scientific Method
• 6. Developing a Theory- Once a hypothesis has been
supported in repeated experiments, scientists can begin to
develop a theory.
SI Units of Measure
• All measurements need a number and a unit.
• Example: 5 ft 3 in
or
25ºF
• The _________system uses units with divisions that are
powers of ten (used in most of the world besides us – use the
imperial system
• Scientists usually do not use these units. They use a unit of
measure called _____or International System of Units.
• Base Units – more examples on following slide
• Length- straight line distance between 2 points is the meter (m)
• Mass- quantity of matter in an object or sample is the kilogram (kg)
The International System of Units
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• Organizing Data
• Scientists can organize their data by
using data tables and graphs
• Data table- the simplest way to organize
data. The table shows two variables - a
manipulated variable and the responding
variable.
• Line graph
• Line graphs are useful for showing changes that occur in related variables. It shows
the manipulated variable on the x-axis and the responding variable on the y-axis.
• Slope- (steepness) The ratio of a vertical change to the corresponding horizontal
change.
• Slope = Rise
Run
• Rise represents the change in the y-variable
• Run represents the corresponding change in the x-variable.
Direct proportion- Relationship in
which the ratio of the two variables
is constant.
Inverse proportion- Relationship in
which the product of the two
variables is constant.
• Bar graphs and pie or circle graphs can also be used to display
data.
Review – Did I get it?
•
Are you able to answer this section’s questions? (from beginning of section
notes)
•
Are you comfortable with the vocabulary words from this section?
•
Fill in your KWL