Transcript Slide 1

Optoelectronic Devices
• Text, Chapter 11
• Sze is a good reference
Narrowly edging out the previous record set by Spectrolab late last year, two scientists at the
University of Delaware have just created a new device that can convert 42.8% of the light striking it
into electricity. The solar cell, built by Christina Honsberg and Allan Barnett, splits light into three
components — high, medium and low energy light — and directs it to several different materials
which can then extract electrons out of its photons.
One of the device's key elements is an optical concentrator — a lens-type component that
increases the cell's efficiency by directing more sunlight to it than would happen naturally. It
measures in at just below 1 cm thick, a major improvement over the Spectrolab model which
featured a concentrating lens about 1 foot thick. Unlike most concentrators that use a two-axis
tracking system to follow the sun, this optical concentrator is also stationary — a major feat.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) — which has been funding this and
similar efforts through its Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program — hopes to eventually
incorporate this technology into portable solar cell battery chargers for American troops. It will now
fund a newly formed DuPont-University of Delaware VHESC Consortium to shift production from a
lab-scale model to a full-on manufacturing prototype model.
2006 Solar Cell Record
WASHINGTON, DC – U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Assistant Secretary for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Alexander Karsner today announced that with DOE
funding, a concentrator solar cell produced by Boeing-Spectrolab has recently achieved
a world-record conversion efficiency of 40.7 percent, establishing a new milestone in
sunlight-to-electricity performance. This breakthrough may lead to systems with an
installation cost of only $3 per watt, producing electricity at a cost of 8-10 cents per
kilowatt/hour, making solar electricity a more cost-competitive and integral part of our
nation’s energy mix.
Attaining a 40 percent efficient concentrating solar cell means having another
technology pathway for producing cost-effective solar electricity. Almost all of today’s
solar cell modules do not concentrate sunlight but use only what the sun produces
naturally, what researchers call “one sun insolation,” which achieves an efficiency of 12
to 18 percent. However, by using an optical concentrator, sunlight intensity can be
increased, squeezing more electricity out of a single solar cell.
The 40.7 percent cell was developed using a unique structure called a multi-junction
solar cell. This type of cell achieves a higher efficiency by capturing more of the solar
spectrum. In a multi-junction cell, individual cells are made of layers, where each layer
captures part of the sunlight passing through the cell. This allows the cell to get more
energy from the sun’s light.
Spectral Response
Nichia Unveils White LED with 150 lm/W
Luminous Efficiency
12 21, 2006 16:39
Satoshi Ookubo, Nikkei Electronics
Demonstration using nine pieces of the latest white LEDs: a luminous flux of 90 lm
was achieved at an input power of 0.6 W.
Nichia Corp. has developed a white light emitting diode (LED) with a luminous
efficiency of 150 lm/W at a forward current of 20 mA (photo). The efficiency is 1.5
times that of the company's current product. When compared to other light sources
in terms of the efficiency alone, it is approximately 1.7 times that of a high-color
rendering fluorescent lamp (90 lm/W) and approximately 11.5 times that of an
incandescent lamp (13 lm/W). Its efficiency is even higher than that of a high
pressure sodium lamp (132 lm/W) which is regarded as the most efficient light
source possible. As with the common products, the white LED is a combination of a
blue LED chip and a YAG yellow phosphor. It is contained in the same package as
the one used for Nichia's NICHIARAIKOH. The output luminous flux at 20 mA is 9.4
lm, when the color temperature is set to 4,600 K. The average color rendering index
(Ra) is 95
Currently, the degree of luminous flux achieved from the input power, when the light
source is placed in lighting equipment, is evaluated for comparison of brightness
between the white LED and other light sources, in addition to the luminous efficiency.
Nichia made the comparison with this index, i.e. luminaire efficiency, between the latest
white LED and an incandescent lamp. Assume that the white LED loses about 20% of
the input from the power source; its luminous efficiency lowers by about 25% when the
luminescent color is changed to the light bulb color; and all the light emitted from the
LED can be taken out of the lighting equipment because of the LED's high directivity.
Then, the LED reportedly achieved a luminaire efficiency of 90 lm/W. In the case of the
incandescent lamp, only about 70% of the emitted luminous flux could be taken out of
the equipment, resulting in a luminaire efficiency of 9.1 l m/W. Nichia claims that the
luminaire efficiency of its new white LED is 10 times higher than that of an incandescent
lamp.
The company says that the high luminous efficiency was achieved through a
combination of elemental technologies developed so far by its own staff. Although Nichia
did not reveal the details of improvements added to these technologies, "we have
revised the light emitting layer as well as the package to enhance light extraction
efficiency," says a spokesperson. The white LED is in the prototyping stage and the
schedule for its commercial launch is yet to be decided. The company plans to improve
manufacturing techniques in order to launch a 150 lm/W product as early as possible.
GreenSource
LED Lamp Sets Efficiency Record
03/24/08, By Alex Wilson
A prototype 4.75-inch parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR-38) lamp using light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) has shattered the efficacy record for reflector lamps by delivering 659
lumens using just 5.8 watts of electricity—for an efficacy of 113.6 lumens per watt. The
lamp was made by LED Lighting Fixtures (LLF). The lamp’s performance, tested by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is dramatically better than that of
the best reflector-style compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) on the market. The color
temperature was measured at 2,760 kelvins (similar to incandescent) and the color
rendering index (CRI) at 91.2—also significantly better than CFLs. (Incandescent lamps
have a CRI of 100.)
Gary Trott, LLF’s vice president for market development, is quick to admit that this
product isn’t ready for commercialization. “It was really a technology demonstration to
show what’s possible with our technology taken to the absolute max,” he said. The
prototype lamp uses state-of-the-art LEDs from both Cree and Osram. Trott predicts that
commercially available LED products from his company will achieve 80 lumens per watt
by the end of 2008.
Although current LED fixtures average 30–40 lumens per watt (lpw), the Solid-State
Lighting Program at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that LED fixtures
are capable of achieving an efficacy of 160 lpw. By comparison, incandescent lamps
typically produce 10–18 lpw and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) 35–60 lpw.
Two white muti-chip LED emitters reach record lumen efficiency
31 Mar 2009
An 18 W warm-white emitter achieved an effiency of 77.4 lm/W, while a neutral-white 72
W emitter was measured at 89.8 lm/W, according to NIST reports.
The Optoelectronics Packaging & Materials Labs at the University of California, Irvine,
has developed neutral-white and warm-white multichip emitters that are claimed to have
record performance in terms of lumen efficiency. Both were made from blue LED chips
available on the open market.
The performance of the two emitters was confirmed in reports issued in December 2008
by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Both measurements were conducted after a thermal equilibrium was reached between
the emitter and its heat sink with a steady-state temperature of 37 deg.C.
Frank Shi, professor of Optoelectronics Packaging & Materials Labs at UCal, said that a
combination of innovations in package design, packaging process development, white
LED phosphors, and packaging materials processing optimization was used to achieve
this result.
Also, the results were achieved without using special prototype blue LED chips.
Cree press release:
DURHAM, N.C., February 3, 2010 — Cree, Inc. (Nasdaq: CREE), a market leader in
LED lighting, announces another industry-best reported efficacy record of 208 lumens
per watt for a white power LED. This R&D result passes a significant milestone within
the solid-state lighting industry as well as demonstrates Cree’s relentless drive to
increase the performance of its LEDs.
Cree’s tests confirmed that the LED produced 208 lumens of light output and achieved
208 lumens per watt efficacy at a correlated color temperature of 4579 K. The tests were
conducted under standard LED test conditions at a drive current of 350 mA at room
temperature.
“We have now broken the elusive 200-lumen-per-watt efficacy barrier for a single white
power LED,” said John Edmond, Cree co-founder and director of advanced
optoelectronics. “This is a result of improvements in blue optical output power, lower
operating voltage and higher conversion efficiency. We continue to push the envelope in
white LED technology to enable the highest efficiency white lighting products in the
marketplace.”
While this level of performance is not yet available in Cree’s production LEDs, Cree
continues to lead the industry with the broadest family of high-performance LEDs.
Lasers