Transcript New security concepts with modern video technology

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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Customized Fire Safety Concept for
Underground Transportation Facilities
Dr. Peter Stahl
Siemens Building Technologies AG
Fire Safety
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Critical Key Factors on Personal Safety in Road Tunnels
non controllable fires are representing the highest risk probability
 wide range of potential damage as a consequence
•
severe damage to people
and killed people
•
huge damage on
tunnel infrastructure
•
long shut down periods
(toll tunnels)
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Key Factors on Damage to People
focus on people close to the fire zone and on fire brigades approaching
the fire zone
•
lack of fire detection and alarming systems
•
toxic fire gases
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immense formation of heat: radiation and convection
•
strongly limited visibility
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lack of escape routes
•
lack of evacuation systems: visible and acoustic
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panic or passive reaction of people close to the fire zone
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Thermal Heat Caused by Fires in Road Tunnels
5 MW
2 m2 fuel
15 Min
20 m3/s smoke
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Standard Fire
20 MW
8 m2 fuel
20..60 Min
60 m3/s smoke
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Heat Distribution Caused by Tunnel Fires
direct approach to the fire without any controlled intervention
almost impossible
1000
temperature [°C]
truck
800
bus
motor car (plastic body)
600
motor car
400
200
- 150
- 100
- 50
0
50
100
150
distance from fire core [m]
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Smoke Formation in Tunnels
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combustible:
20 l gasoline + 5 l gas oil
•
distance to camera:
60 m
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wind speed:
 1,5 m/s (towards camera)
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Fire Development in a Tunnel: e.g. Road Tunnel
flash over to neighbourhood car as critical key factor
•
full scale dire of a car after approx. 10-15 min
•
full scale fire of a truck after approx. 20-60 min
available time to for any intervention is strongly limited !
•
alarming and closing of tunnel for further new traffic
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information and evacuation of people close to the risk zone
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activation of active fire protection or controlled ventilation systems
•
approaching the fire core by the fire brigades
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Fire Protection in Tunnels Needs an Overall Concept
structural and organisational measures are first important steps
of such a concept
 cooling of the risk zone as key issue
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personal safety as first priority of the fire protection concept
– reduction of the temperatures in the risk zone
– increasing the visibility in the risk zone: key to escape and to approach
•
protection of the tunnel infrastructure
– temperature reduction of the concrete elements below 100°C
•
protection from hazadorous scenario
– temperature reduction in the risk zone to avoid flash over from one vehicle to
another
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Siemens Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels: e.g. Road Tunnel
•
early warning by fire detection using video cameras
– early pre-alarm
– control station: focus of video cameras to the potential risk zone
– activation of first traffic control measures
•
fast localisation of the fire within 2-4 m without any influence by the
tunnel wind within latest 3 min after start of the fire
– alarming
– visual verification
– activation of alarm management procedures
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activation of active intervention system
– Preferable solution:
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water spray system
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Development towards
a possible disaster
Risk
!
Danger of life
in cars not
involved in
accident
Heavy damages
on tunnel
infrastructure
Danger
of life in cars
involved in
accident
Automatic
extinguishing release
Fire Detection
Start of fire fighting
by the fire brigade
Open car fire
!
Video
Video
Warning
Traffic
event
detection
Smoke
event
detection
1
2
3
4
5
6
10 ... 30
Time [min]
In developpement
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Fire Extinguishing in Road Tunnels: The Key Objectives
first priority on personal safety:
people in the risk zone
approaching fire brigades
 a tunnel fire can not be fully extinguished but, fully controlled
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reduction of fire intensity at the fire core
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to avoid flash over from one vehicel to another
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temperature reduction of the toxic fire gases at the end of a 30 m
risk zone below 50°C
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scrubbing effect on fire gases to increase visibility
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Siemens Fire Extinguishing Concept for Road Tunnels
use of the automatic CerSpray extinguishing system with optimised
droplet spectrum for fire in road tunnels
 no influence of wind speed until 10 m/s
90 m protection zone
30 m risk zone
30 m
30 m
fire alarm
30 m
30 m
sector
sector
localisation
sector
sector
automatic CerSpray tunnel extinguishing system
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
FibroLaser II: The Optimum Fire Detection System for Tunnels
localisation of the fire within 1-3 m and 2-3 minutes up to high wind speeds
of 10 m/s without having the risk of false alarms
FibroLaser II cable
heat exchange to the cable (radiation, convection)
transient heat conduction
radiation
free jet plume
wind
air
fire
development
reaction zone
mixture of
burning material
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
FibroLaser II: The Detection Cable
production up to 4 km cable length without any problem
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Use of Physical Back-Scattering Effect in Glass Fibres
laser
source
core
mechanical stress
heat changes
detector for
back scattering
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Basic Physical Effect: Raman Scattering
heat movement
laser wave
solid state element
back scatering
stokes line
Intensity
anti stokes line
spectral position
940
980
1020
nm
original laser light
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
FibroLaser II: International References
up to now more than 350 km of cable and 250 OTS controllers are
installed world-wide
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Melbourne City Link Tunnel (Australia)
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Taipeh MTR (Taiwan)
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MTR Bangkok (Thailand)
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Mont Blanc Tunnel (France)
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Arlberg Tunnel (Austria)
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St. Bernhardino (Switzerland)
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Remsteig Tunnel (Germany)
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Orte (Italy)
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Automatic extinguishing system: Protection objective
Primary objective is the fire limitation until the arrival of the
intervention forces to the risk zone
 a total extinguishment cannot be guaranteed
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Reduction of the fire intensity at the fire source
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Prevention of the jump of fire to neighboured vehicles
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Cooling of smoke gases at the end of the 30 m protection zone
below 50°C
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Washing out of the smoke gases to raise the visibility
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Dimensioning of the automatic extinguishing system
Basis:
expectable heat power of the fire source at the
time of fire detection and localisation after three
minutes (about 20-30 MW)
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Spray water system with a optimised droplet spectrum and a control
principle with is fitted to the installation conditions
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Effectiveness must be guaranteed at wind velocities of up to 10 m/s
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Spraying time of minimum 30 min or longer, if the approaching ways
of the intervention forces are very far
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Engineering of the extinguishing system with physical model which is
verified by experiments at a pilot plant
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases
Wind: 5 m/s, Discharge: 6 mm/min, Droplet: 0.3 mm
Temperature of Gases [°C]
140
120
100
80
10 MW
60
20 MW
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Extinguishing Length [m]
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases
Fire: 20 MW, Discharge: 6 mm/min, Droplets: 0.3 mm
Temperature of Gases [°C]
300
250
200
1 m/s
3 m/s
5 m/s
10 m/s
150
100
50
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Extinguishing Length [m]
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases
Fire: 20 MW, Wind: 5 m/s, Droplets: 0.3 mm
Temperature of Gases [°C]
150
125
100
2 mm/min
75
4 mm/min
6 mm/min
50
8 mm/min
25
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Extinguishing Length [m]
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases
Fire: 20 MW, Wind: 5 m/s, Discharge: 6 mm/min
Temperature of Gases [°C]
150
125
100
0,1 mm
0,3 mm
0,5 mm
1,0 mm
75
50
25
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Extinguishing Length [m]
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Two-lane road tunnel: Wetting of the floor
Distance Fire centre-Floor wetting [m]
Fire: 20 MW, Wind: 5 m/s, Discharge: 6 mm/min
15
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Droplet Diameter [mm]
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Results
The tunnel fire can be controlled until the intervention forces arrive:
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Smoke gases are cooled below 50°C
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The jump of fire is prevented
This is independent of
•
the tunnel wind,
•
possible up to fires of 20 MW (Worst Case at activation).
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Results
The droplet diameter is optimised between 100 and 300 mm depending
on the actual situation:
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large enough, to prevent the jump of fire
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small enough, to cause a sufficient cooling effect
The water discharge is optimised between 2 and 6 mm/min :
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sufficient to lead to the necessary cooling effect
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O2-fraction is non-critical after 30 m (minimum 16.5 Vol-% )
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economical storage still possible
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Set-up of the test installation
Verification of the physical model with a pilot installation (scale  1:3)
allows the model usage to design real tunnel applications (Up-Scaling)
 Similarity approach as in wind channels/ process engineering
Fire detection system
Nozzles
C1
Wind
 5m/s
3,3 m
CO2
B2
C2
Autobrand
B1
2m
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Hagerbach-Pilot plant: Cooling of the smoke gases
Fire: 1.4 MW, Wind: 2.8 m/s, Droplet: 0.25 mm
Temperatur
Brandgase
[°C]
Temperature
of Gases [°C]
150
55
125
50
100
45
2 mm/min
6.6 mm/min
mm/min
9.94mm/min
12.6
6 mm/min
mm/min
40
75
35
50
""
8 mm/min
30
25
250
00
1 5
2
10 3
154
520
6 25
7
30
Extinguishing
Length
Löschstrecke
[m][m]
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Scaling (Scale-up/ Scale-down)
The following quantities have to stay constant when scaling:
a) specific heating related to cross-section :
Q *Fire
A Tunnel
b) specific extinguishing capacity:
Q *Fire
Q *Feuer
c) specific droplet velocity in the reaction zone:
w Droplet
w Gas
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Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels
Dublin, May 6th 2004
Conclusion
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The physical model allows the design of extinguishing system for real
tunnel applications
•
The physical model is verified by pilot tests
•
The engineering gives for a two-lane road tunnel a optimum design
at a droplet diameter between 100 and 300 mm and a water
discharge between 2 and 6 mm/min
•
The protection of life in tunnels makes complete protection concepts
necessary which must contain an automatic extinguishing system
•
An automatic water extinguishing system – optimised for tunnel
application can fulfil the comprehensive protection objectives
•
Sprinklers cannot match the declared protection objectives
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