Transcript Document

Unit 2:
Reform, Expansion, and War
PROGRESSIVE
REFORMS
Do Now
If You Were There…
You live in a big-city neighborhood in the 1890s. You and
your brother are looking for jobs. You know that the man
down the street is the “ward boss.” He can always get city
jobs for his friends and neighbors. But in return you’ll have
to promise to vote the way he tells you to in the upcoming
election.
Would you ask the ward boss for a job?
Why or Why Not?
THE GILDED AGE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
gild·ed
ˈgildid/
adjective
1.
covered thinly with gold leaf or gold paint.
"an elegant gilded birdcage“
The “Gilded Age” was a novel written by Mark Twain and
Charles Dudley Warner.
• Meant to satirize the inequality of the time period.
• Despite economic growth, we have a declining care for
humanity. (working conditions, immigrants, tenements)
THE GILDED AGE
• The phrase, The Gilded Age, highlights the
inequality between wealthy business owners
and workers who labored under terrible
conditions
• Politics during this age were corrupt (guilty of
dishonest practices)
• City and county politics were influenced by
political machines (powerful organizations
that used both legal and illegal methods to get
their candidates elected to public office)
The Progressive Movement
• Many Americans cried
for reform.
• The people claimed
government and big
business were taking
advantage of them,
rather than serving them.
Progressives
• Progressivism is a combination of many New ideas
• Government should regulate (control) big business
• Progressives felt that society had an obligation to
protect all the people, and help the poor
• Progressives wanted to help those who lacked wealth
and influence
• Goal: to eliminate the causes of problems such as
crime, disease, and poverty.
• Fought for things such as education reform and better
working conditions.
Political Machines
• Political Machines were powerful organizations
linked to political parties. These groups controlled
local government in many cities.
• These groups were controlled by a Political Boss. They
gained votes for their parties by doing favors for
people.
• They would offer turkey dinners and summer boat
rides, and offer jobs to immigrants in return for votes.
• Much of their support came from immigrants and the
poor because of the services they provided such as jobs
and social services.
• Many political bosses were dishonest
TAMMANY HALL
• New York City’s corrupt political machine
• After winning city elections in 1888, Tammany Hall rewarded its supporters
with over 12,000 jobs
• William Marcy Tweed (“Boss Tweed”) stole up $200 million from NYC
• Spoils system = practice of giving jobs to your political supporters
• The spoils system helped many untrained and unqualified workers get
government jobs
Mob Mentality
• Corrupt politicians found numerous ways to make money.
• They received Kickbacks.
• Sometimes contractors would overcharge for a project and
give the extra money to the political boss
• A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $4.9 million today)
for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork.
A furniture contractor received $179,729 ($2.5 million) for
three tables and 40 chairs. And the plasterer, a Tammany
functionary, Andrew J. Garvey, got $133,187 ($1.82 million)
for two days' work; his business acumen earned him the
sobriquet "The Prince of Plasterers." Tweed personally
profited from a financial interest in a Massachusetts quarry
that provided the courthouse's marble. When a committee
investigated why it took so long to build the courthouse, it
spent $7,718 ($105,000) to print its report. The printing
company was owned by Tweed.
Boss Tweed
• Boss Tweed headed New York City’s political
machine in the 1860’s and 1870’s.
• Tweed was so powerful he controlled the police,
courts, and some newspapers.
• He collected millions of dollars in illegal payments.
• Political Cartoonist Thomas Nast exposed Tweed’s
operations in his newspaper, Harpers Weekly -created a national outcry, and soon Tweed and many
of his cronies were facing criminal charges
• Tweed was sentenced to prison and died in jail in
1878.
Spoils System
• The Spoils System (Patronage)– rewarding
political supporters with jobs and favors. Was
common since Andrew Jackson.
• President Rutherford B. Hayes and James Garfield
tried to change the spoils system, and supported
Civil Service- the body of no elected government
workers.
• Garfield believed people should be appointed to
jobs based on qualifications, not on who supported
who.
Spoils System ctd
• Garfield was assassinated by an
unsuccessful office seeker named
Charles Guiteau in 1881 before he
could launch his reforms.
• Chester A. Arthur succeeded Garfield.
• He set up the Civil Service
Commission.
• This commission set up exams for
people who wanted government jobs
called the Pendleton Civil Service
Act. Government job applicants were
required to pass a test before being
hired (10%).
Muckrakers
• Journalists helped reformers by exposing
corruption
• Muckrakers wrote about problems that were
hidden and exposed them
• They “Raked the Muck” or cleaned up the dirt
and corruption in the world.
• They wrote about issues, such as, child labor,
racial discrimination, slum housing, and
corruption in business and politics.
Famous Muckrakers
• Lincoln Steffens – Exposed corrupt machine
politics in NYC, Chicago, and other cities in
articles published by McClure’s Magazine,
called “The Shame of the Cities.”
• Ida Tarbell – Described the unfair practices
of the oil trust
Upton Sinclair
• Sinclair was a
muckraker who wrote a
book about the
meatpacking industry
• Sinclair wanted to show
the public how the
workers were mistreated
Sinclair
• Instead, he uncovered disgusting
truths including, meat falling on
the ground, rats and other
rodents being grounded into
the meat, and mislabeling the
products.
• Congress responded by passing
the Meat Inspection Act in 1906,
along with the Pure Food and
Drug Act, banning the sale of
harmful food and the foreign and
interstate traffic of contaminated
or mislabeled food and drug
products
Reform Successes
• Goal: help the urban poor
• Settlement Houses: community centers where volunteer middle-class
"settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture
with, and alleviate the poverty of their low-income neighbors. The
"settlement houses" provided services such as daycare, education, and
healthcare to improve the lives of the poor.
• City Planners: design safer building codes and new public parks.
• Civil Engineers: improved transportation by paving streets and building
bridges.
• Sanitation Engineers: began to solve problem of waste disposal and impure
water supply.
• Education: laws stating all children must attend school – new schooling –
philosopher, John Dewey – problem solving, not memorization.
VOTING REFORMS
• Seventeenth Amendment – Americans can vote directly
for U.S. senators instead of having state legislatures vote
for them
• Referendum – some states allowed voters to overrule a
law that the government had proposed or passed
• Recall –allowed voters to sign a petition in order to
remove a corrupt politician before his term ended
• Initiative – allowed voters to propose a new law by
collection signatures on a petition
th
17 Amendment
• Progressive changed the way U.S. Senators were
elected.
• The constitution allowed state legislatures to vote
for senators directly.
• Previously, political bosses corrupted this
process.
• In 1912, Congress passed the 17th Amendment to
the constitution to allow direct election of
Senators.
Government Reforms
• Robert La Follette “Fighting Bob” won support in
Wisconsin by attacking big business and railroads
• Prior to him, the candidates were chosen by the political
machine boss.
• Now state voters could choose their candidates in a
Primary
• In notebooks: Design a poster using a slogan that could
be used in an advertising campaign that would raise
awareness about one of the following problems of the
Gilded Age: child labor, slum housing, corruption in
politics, big business, racial/ethnic discrimination.
HOMEWORK
DO NOW
• Imagine you are standing in
the alley with these 3 boys.
• What social problem or
problems does this photograph
show?
• In your notebook, describe
each problem you see in two
sentences or more. Use vivid
and descriptive language that
might stir someone into action.
• When asked, share your
response with the class.
Read Page 205
• How did the muckrakers get their name. Why were they
important?
Section 2: Origins of
Progressives
•
•
•
•
In the late 1800’s women had less responsibilities:
More children spent time in school
Men worked away from home
Technology helped with housework
• Read song lyrics and answer questions on the worksheet.
Do Now: Notebooks
• By 1900, more than 1.75 million children living in America worked
in factories, mines, and mills earning very low wages.
• Children made as little as 40 cents a day.
• As muckrakers began to publish account of the work & living
conditions of child workers, progressives began to lobby for
reforms.
• However, laws alone could not end child labor as children were
instructed to lie to government inspectors about their age.
Child Labor Reform
• Working conditions were dangerous and unsanitary.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was
a clothing factory in NYC that employed mostly Jewish
and Italian immigrant women. On March 25, 1911, a fire
had started on the 8th floor of the factory – occupied 8, 9,
& 10 floors of Asch building.
• Unextinguished cigarette butt thrown in a waste basket
with piles of cloth scraps ignited the fire, which spread
quickly amongst all the flammable clothing. 146 women
died in this tragedy. This is the deadliest industrial
accident that was ever occurred in NYC.
Workplace Safety
• Labor leaders and reformers passed workers
compensation laws in many states. This law guaranteed a
portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job.
• 1908 Supreme Court Case Muller v. Oregon: upheld the
limit of the 10 hour workday to women and children
stating it was hazardous to the health of these individuals.
• Despite this, work conditions remained poor for most
people.
Workers’ Laws
• Led by Samuel Gompers
• Allowed only skilled workers
• Limited membership to mostly nativeborn Americans
• Favored capitalism – an economic
system in which private businesses run
most industries and competition
determines the price of goods
AFL
American Federation of
Labor
• Led by William “Big Bill” Haywood
• Allowed immigrants, women, African
Americans to join.
• Favored Socialism – a system in which
the government owns and operates a
country’s means of production.
• Goal: to overthrow capitalism and form
one big union of workers, staged violent
strikes.
• Support faded due to aggressive tactics.
IWW
Industrial Workers of the
World
(Wobblies)
Labor Organizations
• Progressive movement fought for educational
opportunities for women. By 1910, about 40% of college
students were women.
• Most women found jobs as social workers and teachers.
Jobs such as doctors and lawyers were dominated by men
and much more difficult to find.
• Many women also used their education to become active
in reform, hence the Temperance Movement.
Education
• Social problems such as family violence and criminal
behavior blamed on factors, such as, immigration,
urbanization, and alcohol.
• The Temperance Movement was the movement against
the sale of alcohol.
• They supported Prohibition, which was a law to prohibit
the making and the sale of alcohol.
• The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union led the way.
• 18th Amendment – banned sale of alcohol in U.S.
• Costly for U.S. come the time of the Great Depression
Temperance Movement
• Suffrage is the right of women to vote.
• A person who fought for the right to vote was a Suffragist
• Famous ones were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
formed the NAWSA (National American Women’s Suffrage
Association) to promote women’s right to vote in 1890.
• Success in 1890: women won the right to vote in Wyoming, Colorado,
Idaho, and Utah.
• Alice Paul organized NWP (National Women’s Party) – used parades,
picketing, hunger strikes, etc. Picketed outside White House – were
jailed, started a hunger strike in prison, and were force fed.
• By 1920, U.S. Congress passed 19th Amendment granting women the
right to vote.
Suffrage
Opposition
• Many men, and some
women, were against
suffrage
• Many thought it would
upset society’s “Natural
Balance,” and lead to
divorce and neglected
children.
African Americans Challenge
Discrimination
• Booker T.Washington – born into slavery. His strategy was not to fight
discrimination directly.
• He encouraged African Americans to improve their educational and
economic well-being.
• Ida B. Wells – addressed discrimination directly in her Memphis
newspaper called “Free Speech”, in which she drew attention to the
lynchings of African Americans.
• W.E.B. Du Bois – college graduate who earned a doctorate from
Harvard University. Studied and publicized cases of racial prejudice.
Believed African Americans should protest unjust treatment and
demand equal rights.
•
NAACP
• National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People – Du Bois
and other reformers founded this organization that called for economic
and educational equality for African Americans.
• Won the case of Guinn v. United States which made grandfather
clauses illegal.
• These laws were used in the South to keep African Americans from
voting.
Failures to Reform
• Native Americans – kept cultural traditions
• Chinese immigrants – discrimination and little support from
reformers
• Mexican immigrants – increased population and poor living
conditions
Section 3:
Progressive Presidents
• Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt was elected to the
office of Vice President
• A powerful republican leader named Mark Hanna
warned America there was now only one life
between “That Cowboy” and the Whitehouse.
• Roosevelt believed in conservation- the
protection and preservation of natural resources.
He was a famous outdoorsman.
• Less than a year later, President McKinley was
assassinated
Theodore Roosevelt
• Roosevelt was extremely progressive
• He ordered the justice system to use the Sherman
Anti-Trust act, which wasn’t used to this point in
history, to break up trusts
• Roosevelt went after the Northern Securities
Company, a railroad monopoly in the northwest,
and broke it apart.
• Roosevelt was a trustbuster is someone that
wanted to break up big corporations.
Trustbuster
• 1902 – 100,000 United Mine Workers, a union
went on strike.
• The public opinion was against the owners
• Roosevelt invited owners and union leaders to
talk at the White House.
• Owners refused to show up, and Roosevelt was
furious
• He threatened to send the army in to run the
mines and take them over himself.
Labor Crisis
• Owners caved, and workers received better pay and
reasonable hours per week
• Other Presidents sent troops in against the strikers. This
was the first time in history troops were sent in to battle
the owners
Labor Crisis
• When Roosevelt ran for president in 1904, he
promised a Square Deal – equal treatment for
all.
• He also promised government would regulate
business
• Before this, the country practiced Laissez-faire.
This French term generally means, “let people do
as they choose.”
• He supported the pure food and drug act, which
gave government permission to visit businesses
and inspect products
Square Deal
President Taft
• No president had run for
more than two terms. So
Roosevelt did not run again
• Taft easily defeated
democrat William Jennings
Bryan
• He was not as exciting as
Roosevelt, but won more
anti-trust cases in 4 years
than Roosevelt did in 7
years.
• Taft supported the 16th Amendment – which gave
congress the power to tax people’s incomes. (Money
they make)
• Progressives believed Taft would use the money to lower
tariffs, but tariffs stayed the same and progressives were
angry.
• Roosevelt was watching and was disappointed and
enraged.
Problems for Taft
Roosevelt Challenges Taft
• In 1912 Roosevelt decided
to run against Taft.
• Taft won the republican
nomination over Roosevelt,
but Roosevelt was still very
popular
• Roosevelt and his supporters
formed the Progressive
Party. They nominated
Roosevelt.
• The republican vote was split between Roosevelt and Taft
• Woodrow Wilson, the democrat snuck in and stole the
election. He gained 42% of the popular vote, Roosevelt
got 27% and Taft got 22%.
• Wilson almost swept the election, receiving 435 of 531
electoral votes.
Election of 1912
• Wilson’s New Freedom program included many
progressive era ideas, and was able to pass laws
to lower taxes on sugar, wool, steel, and farm
equipment that were imported.
• The progressive movement changed life in
America, however while change was taking place
many people were forgotten along the way.
Wilson continues
Progressivism
Section 4
Excluded from Reform
• Non-White, Non-protestant, -Non Native
residents faced Discrimination – unequal
treatment because of one’s race, religion, ethnic
background, or place of birth.
• Around this time there was:
• Anti-Catholicism – Anti Catholics
• Anti-Semitism – Anti Jewish
• Anti-Asian – Prejudice against all countries in
Asia
Prejudice
Discrimination Against
African Americans
• 4/5 African Americans lived
in the South
• The Supreme Court passed
Plessy vs. Ferguson, a court
case that legalized
segregation which was
separating a group based
on race. The court case
recognized “separate, but
equal”.
• Nothing was separate but
equal in reality
• The Ku Klux Klan, which was around during
reconstruction, was reborn during 1915 in
Georgia.
• The Klan lashed out against minorities,
especially African Americans, as well as
Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.
• They called for 100% Americans
• The Klan was big in the north as well during this
time, including upstate NY. They had over 2
million members.
Discrimination ctd
Racial Hatred
• People who lost their
jobs between 1893 and
1907 blamed minorities.
• More than 2,000
African Americans
were lynched. Lynching
were used against
Chinese in the West.
Lynching Map
• Progressive leaders were usually from upper and middle
classes
• Unions often would not allow women, African
Americans, or immigrants from joining.
• Temperance movement was designed to stop the drinking
of Irish Catholics.
Failures of
Progressivism
Struggle for Equal Opportunity
• Booker T. Washington was
born into slavery, learned
to read, and founded the
Tuskegee Institute
• He believed of African
Americans had more
economic power (money),
they would be in a better
position to demand equality
• He set up schools to give
African American education,
which led to better jobs.
• He founded the National Negro Business League to
promote business development
• He stressed to work patiently, many who were victims
took offense.
• Some African Americans tried Back-to-Africa
programs, however they weren’t popular
Washington Ctd…
Other Successes/Failures
• Ida B. Wells was the editor
of an African American
newspaper in Memphis,
Tennessee.
• She was forced out of town
when she released the names
of white members involved
in a lynching.
• She revealed in her book that
the ones that were lynched
were the ones who were
successful
Do Now: Note Cards
• Imagine you are walking through a grocery store (today). What
kind of products do you see? Where are they made? Where do
they come from? Are there a lot of choices? Or not many?
Meat Packing Industry
• What do you know???
How is your food produced
today?
Video Clip - Corn
Video Clip - Monsanto
Chapter 17, Section 3 – 6
Jigsaw
Do Now
Use the Instagram Template to draw a picture of one of the
problems Progressives tried to solve during the turn of the
20th century:
1. Living Conditions in Cities (Tenements, Garbage, etc.)
2. Child Labor
3. Working Conditions
4. Corrupt Political Machines / Government
5. Women’s Suffrage (Right to vote)
6. African-American Inequality (Segregation & Right to
Vote)
Origins of Progressives
Activists
determined to
solve society’s
problems through
political action.
Represented
smaller
movements but
all working for
the single goal of
bettering society.
Middle-Class
Urban
College Educated
Majority White &
Many Women
Political & Religious Roots
Inspired by
religious
movement called,
Social Gospel.
Believed that
society must take
responsibility for
those who are less
fortunate.
Inspired by political
movement called,
Populism.
Wanted to improve
work conditions,
decrease the power
of big business, give
citizens more
economic
opportunity.
Believed in creating
a more democratic
society.
Challenge Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
Believed the wealthiest would
survive, while others would
fall behind.
Natural Order
Progressive Challenge
Government should protect
average Americans’ rights
against monopolies and
political corruption.
Help those in need
Group Activity
• Using your number from the Do Now, research the assigned
problem. Use the graphic organizer to fully complete the
exercise. Research the reform using the textbook (Chapter
17, Section 3- 5) and the chromebooks. Be sure to grade the
Progressive solution. Was it successful? Why or why not?
• Students will explain their findings to other groups. One rep
per group.
• Groups will take notes during presentations
Homework – W.E.B. Du Bois
Introduction – T.R., Taft,
Wilson
Field Site Review – T.R.
Reflection – Twitter Wall
What did Roosevelt do to earn immortalization at Mount
Rushmore? Most people can easily answer why the others figures
were chosen. So……………..after studying about the life and work
of Theodore Roosevelt, YOU decide why YOU THINK he was
placed among such prestigious company (George Washington - the
father of our country, Thomas Jefferson - author of the Declaration
of Independence, and Abraham Lincoln - the “Great Emancipator”
who united the country).
Reflection – Mount Rushmore
• Write 3 to 4 sentence
response in notebooks across
from T.R. graphic organizer.
4 Corners
Taft Video
Wilson Video
Do Now
• Progressive Review 1
Graffiti Vocabulary Wall