Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
Click on a lesson name to select.
13-1 Applied Genetics
Objectives 1. Describe how selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits.
2. Compare inbreeding and hybridization.
3. Assess the genotypes of organisms using a Punnett square test cross Click on a lesson name to select.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics
Selective Breeding The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding .
Saint Bernard
Rescue dog
Husky
Sled dog
German shepherd
Service dog
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics
Hybridization
Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster.
A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics
Inbreeding The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics
Test Cross
A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.
13-2 DNA Technology
Objectives 1. Describe how genetic engineering manipulates recombinant DNA 2. Compare selective breeding to genetic engineering 3. Summarize how genetic engineering can be used to improve human health
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Genetically engineered organisms are used to study the expression of a particular gene. to investigate cellular processes.
to study the development of a certain disease.
to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.
Genetically engineered bollworm
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools
An organism’s genome the nucleus of each cell.
is the total DNA in DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence.
Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the genome.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
EcoRI
specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.
The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends, contain single stranded DNA that is complementary.
•
Restriction Digest
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis .
When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.
The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.
Gel electrophoresis
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA .
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
To make a large quantity of recombinant plasmid DNA, bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA.
Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation .
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning .
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides —A, C, G, T in a tube.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye.
Every time a modified fluorescent-tagged nucleotide is incorporated into the newly synthesized strand, the reaction stops.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
A technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.
PCR Analysis
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Biotechnology
Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms .
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Animals
Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.
Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Plants
Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.
Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.
Gene Splicing
13-3 Human Genome
Objectives 1. Describe components of the human genome 2. Describe how forensic scientists use DNA fingerprinting 3. Explain how information from the human genome can be used to diagnose diseases
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
The Human Genome Project
The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000 –25,000 human genes.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Sequencing the Genome
Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved.
These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines.
Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to reading a book that was printed in code.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body.
The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function.
These regions are called noncoding sequences.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
DNA Fingerprinting
Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals.
The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual.
DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Identifying Genes
Researchers have identified genes by scanning the sequence for Open Reading Frames (ORFs).
ORFs contain at least 100 codons that begin with a start codon and end with a stop codon.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Bioinformatics Creating and maintaining databases of biological information Finding genes in DNA sequences of various organisms and developing methods to predict the structure and function of newly discovered proteins
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
DNA Microarrays Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments Help researchers determine whether the expression of certain genes is caused by genetic factors or environmental factors.
Visualizing Microarray Analysis
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered are called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Regions of linked variations in the human genome are known as haplotypes .
Assembling the HapMap involves identifying groups of SNPs in a specific region of DNA.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
The HapMap will enable geneticists to take advantage of how SNPs and other genetic variations are organized on chromosomes.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs is called pharmacogenomics .
The benefits of pharmacogenomics include more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer and more specific.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy .
Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.
Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
Genes are the primary information storage units, whereas proteins are the machines of a cell.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome
The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body is called proteomics .
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which statement is
not
true of hybridization?
A.
It is relatively inexpensive to perform.
B.
It produces offspring with specific traits.
C.
It crosses a parent organism with different forms of a trait.
D.
It can take a long time to be successful.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size.
A.
genetic engineering B.
gel electrophoresis C.
cleaving D.
selective breeding
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Select the process in which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another type of bacterium. A.
cloning B.
sequencing C.
transformation D.
manipulation
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions
Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats?
A.
homogenization B.
inbreeding C.
selective breeding D.
test crossing
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions
A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions
A.
cross breed B.
hybrid C.
outbred D.
purebred
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions
Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______.
A.
hybridization B.
inbreeding C.
line breeding D.
out crossing
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions
Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions
A.
to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive B.
to determine the phenotype of the plants C.
to determine if the plants carry beneficial recessive alleles D.
to determine if the plants are homozygous dominant or heterozygous
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions
What is the name for the technology that involves inserting the genes of one organism into the DNA of another organism?
A.
bioengineering B.
cloning C.
genetic engineering D.
transgenics
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions
Which type of protein can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence?
A.
DNA ligase B.
polymerase C.
restriction enzyme D.
transcriptase
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions
Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology?
A.
DNA fragmentation B.
gel electrophoresis C.
transgenic cloning D.
polymerase chain reaction
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions
A DNA molecule that has had genes from another organism inserted into it is called _______.
A.
complementary DNA B.
exogenous DNA C.
genomic DNA D.
recombinant DNA
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions
Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most powerful tools used by scientists?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions
A.
It can be used to identify errors in DNA sequences and predict the function of genes.
B.
It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample and make millions of copies of it.
C.
It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in genetically engineered organisms.
D.
It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can join with other DNA fragments.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions
True or False The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions
Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual?
A.
the noncoding sequences B.
the regions that code for proteins C.
the sections that contain genes D.
the genes that code for fingerprints
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions
Which field of study involves the careful storage, organization and indexing of data on DNA sequences?
A.
algorithms B.
bioanalysis C.
bioinformatics D.
microarray analysis
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions
If the genome represents the words in a dictionary, then the definition and usage of those words is represented by the _______.
A.
haplotype B.
chromosome C.
DNA D.
proteome
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions
Look at the following image. These are the results of what process?
Answer: a test cross
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions
What is the role of the molecule below in DNA cloning?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions
A.
to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell B.
to identify the source of DNA as foreign C.
to identify the host cell that has taken up the gene of interest D.
to make the foreign DNA susceptible to digestion with enzymes
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to the right? A.
1:2:1 B.
1:1 C.
All are homozygous recessive.
D.
All are heterozygous.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea pig and performs a test cross with a female that has white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white?
A.
BB B.
Bb C.
bb D.
bW
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
How do researchers distinguish between the bacterial cells that contain the recombinant DNA and those that do not?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
A.
They observe the two types of cells under a microscope.
B.
They tag the recombinant DNA with fluorescent dye.
C.
They use an antibiotic to kill the cells that do not contain recombinant DNA.
D.
They use gel electrophoresis to separate the cells containing recombinant DNA.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
Which is
not
yet a use for transgenic organisms?
A.
animals that can produce organs for organ transplants B.
animals that can secrete enzymes that are useful to humans C.
bacteria that can decompose oil spills and garbage D.
plants that are resistant to insects and viruses
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
Which transgenic species could pose a potential threat to other organisms?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
A.
bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics B.
chickens and turkeys that are resistant to diseases C.
cotton that is resistant to herbicides and infection D.
goats that secrete a protein used to prevent human blood from forming clots
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy?
A.
The clinical trials affect the body’s response to drugs.
B.
There is a risk of producing a transgenic human.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy?
C.
Inserting genes is done by a virus that infects the patient’s cells.
D.
Doctors are able to take advantage of genetic variations on chromosomes.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Image Bank
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Vocabulary
Section 1
selective breeding inbreeding test cross
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Vocabulary
Section 2
genetic engineering genome restriction enzyme gel electrophoresis recombinant DNA plasmid DNA ligase transformation cloning polymerase chain reaction transgenic organism
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Vocabulary
Section 3
DNA fingerprinting bioinformatics DNA microarray single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype pharmacogenomics gene therapy genomics proteomics
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Animation
PCR Analysis Visualizing Microarray Analysis