Transcript Products for Green Building - Pennsylvania State University

Design for Green Building
Corinne Marzullo
April 23, 2001
Why
build green
Benefits
Materials
Case
studies
Conclusions
Why Build Green

U.S. consumes 20,000 pounds per year of
active materials
– Active materials include:
 Virgin forest products
 Fuels
 Steel
 Glass
 Cement
 Plastics
Why Build Green

90% become waste in less than one year
 Non-hazardous industrial waste could be
reduced from 11 billion tons to 4.5 billion
tons by design decisions and improved
recycling
Benefits of Building Green



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Reduce environmental impact
Respect their sites
Use fresh water efficiently
Good indoor air quality
Resource and energy efficient
High environmental performance
Make use of construction material wisely
More durable/less maintenance
Lower operating costs
Respect Their Sites

Well-designed building
– Shape and orientation
 optimized to take advantage of sunlight, site, and
natural features
 Oriented on an east-west axis

Existing buildings can benefit from the
landscape
– Deciduous trees along a southwest to northwest
feature can reduce the impact of solar heat
gains
Use Fresh Water Efficiently

Homes use hundreds of gallons of water each day
 Reduce water use by about half compared to
homes constructed in 1980’s
– Low-flush toilets
– Well insulated hot water piping
– Low-flow shower heads and faucets
– Dishwashers and clothes washers that have water-miser
features
Efficient Use of Fresh Water
Cont’d.

Main solar heated tank
 Instantaneous water heaters
 Planned plumbing
 Catchment systems
 Use native plants with high drought
resistance
 Use drought resistant grass
 Use lawn chemicals and fertilizer sparingly
Good Indoor Air Quality

Free of unhealthy levels of indoor air
pollutants
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Radon gas
Excess moisture
Mold and mildew
Formaldehyde
Passive tobacco smoke
Particles and dust
Mite allergen
Good Indoor Air Quality
Cont’d.

Low cost ventilation techniques
– Boost indoor air quality

Benefit allergy sufferers
– Reduces their discomfort
– Lower air leakage and fewer spores, pollen
grains, and less duct
Reduce Energy Waste

Air tight construction
– High levels of insulation
– High performance windows and doors

Using efficient electric lighting and plug-in
appliances
 Upgrading to high efficiency furnaces, heat
pumps, and boilers
Reduce Energy Waste Cont’d.

Building orientation
– Collect winter solar heat
– Avoid summertime sun
– Solar energy
 provides a significant amount of natural light
 passive solar heat gain
 natural ventilation

Up to 65 – 75 % of utility bills could be
saved compared to a conventional home
Conventional Homes

Misuse water, energy, and materials
 Not oriented for passive solar heating
 Poorer indoor air quality
 Use toxic substances
 Not designed for re-use and disassembly
Materials to be Chosen

Value-engineered products
– Advanced framing and composite truss joists

Durable materials
– Thermal mass

Natural materials
– No exposure to toxic or dangerous working
conditions
Materials to be Chosen

Products not heavily packaged
– Reduce waste
– Minimize construction site and landfill disposal
problems

Water-based paints, adhesives, sealants, and
finishes
– Reduce use of petrochemicals
– Simplifies cleanup
Dimensional Lumber

Wood used in constructing the wall, floor,
and roof framing
 Advantages of wood
– Tolerant to novices
– Very attractive
– Special tools are not needed

Disadvantages
– Termite or moisture failure
Engineered Wood

Recycled wood materials
– Laminated wood chips
– Strands and fingerjointing

Products
– I-beams
– Laminated beams
– Fingerjointed studs
Engineered Wood Cont’d.

Advantages
– Waste wood and entire trees can be used

Minimizes waste
– Uses smaller dimensional wood


Less than 2x10
Allows smaller trees to be used
– Higher tolerances in stability, consistence, straightness,
and strength are more precise than dimensional lumber
– Maintenance free
– Slip resistant
– No warping, splintering, cracking, rotting, or
refinishing
Engineered Wood Cont’d.

Disadvantages
– General public is not aware of this product
– Cost is higher than for standard lumber unless
ordered in large quantity
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Limited sources
Cost will go down as public becomes more aware
Highly competitive because of labor savings and
reduced job site waste
Composite Decking
Engineered Sheet Materials

Made of recycled content or reconstituted
materials
 Recycled content sheet products
– Include any percentage of recycled material
 newsprint
 Agricultural byproducts
 Wood waste

Reconstituted materials
– Use chipped or stranded small-diameter trees
– Bound together into forms suitable for building
Engineered Sheet Materials
Cont’d.
Examples
– Hardboard made from waste wood
– Wallboard made from perlite, gypsum, and
recycled post-consumer newsprint
– 100% recycled newsprint fiberboard
– Fiberboard made from straw
Engineered Sheet Materials
Cont’d.

Advantages
– Most of the products are derived from
manufacturing processes which are more
material-efficient than past processes
– Newer recycled content and reconstituted
materials are fabricated in modern facilities that
are efficient and compliant with strict
environmental regulations

Disadvantages
– Cost more than traditional sheet materials
– Shipping costs for small quantities are quite
expensive
Engineered Siding

Reconstituted and recycled content
 Steel and aluminum
– Primarily fabricated from recycled material

Advantages
– Offers superior longevity compared to wood siding
– Require much less energy in a recycled form
– Steel is a strong, termite resistant, nonrenewable
resource
– Offers some fire protection

Cost is competitive
Flyash Concrete

Defined by the ACE Committee 116 as “the
finely divided residue resulting from the
combustion of ground or powdered coal,
which is transported from the firebox
through the boiler by flue gases”

By-product of coal-fired electric generating
plants
Flyash Concrete Cont’d.

Technical Benefits of using high volume
flyash
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Higher compressive strength over time
More durable concrete
Less permeable concrete
Less shrinkage
Less creep
Lower heat of hydration
Less migration of bleed water to the slab
surface
– Better pumpablilty
Flyash Concrete Cont’d.

Technical drawbacks
– Slower rate of compressive strength gain
– May be more difficult to finish
– One more product to control at the point of
batching

Environmental and non-technical benefits
– Costs less than cement
– Saves the energy required for making cement
– Reduces the emissions of global warming
gasses
– Usefully employs a waste product
Earth Materials
 Brick
& Stone products
 Caliche
 Soil blocks
 Rammed earth

Locally Available Earth
Materials
Advantages
– Reduces energy costs and materials costs due to
reduced transportation costs
– Brick and stone
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aesthetically pleasing
Durable
Low maintenance
Provide excellent thermal mass
Can be used to provide radiant heat for interior use
Weather well which eliminates the need for
refinishing and sealing
Earth Materials Cont’d.

Caliche block
– Soft limestone material
– used for applications similar to brick and stone

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Special structural and finishing characteristics
Rammed earth
– Walls made from moist, sandy soil
– 30% clay and 70% sand

Advantages of both
– used for structural walls
– offer great potential as low-cost material alternatives
with low embodied energy
– Can be produced on-site
– fireproof
Cost for Earth Materials
Brick
Approx. $2 per square
foot (4 inch diameter) and
up depending on thickness
Stone
$4 to $15 per square foot
(material) depending on
type
Compressed Soil Block
Approx. $1.80 per square
foot (9 inches thick)
Earth Block made from Cost is significantly less
Labor-intensive Methods
Floor Coverings

Carpeting and padding
 Cement materials
 Stone and Marble
 Sheet goods
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Vinyl and linoleum
Tile
Rubber
Cork
Wood
Carpeting and Padding

Recycled-content carpeting
– PET
– Nylon
– Wool
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Recycled-content padding
– Old padding
– Reclaimed carpet fibers
– Rubber-based recycled padding
Carpeting and Padding

Advantages
– Materials avoid landfill
– PET
 Durable
 Stain resistant
– Nylon
 Durable
 Aesthetically pleasing
– Wool
 Durable
 Flame resistant
 Provides excellent indoor environmental quality
Carpeting and Padding

Disadvantages
– Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
 Present in the binders
– Formaldehyde Outgassing
– Rubber-based recycled padding can outgas
– Excellent medium for dust mites and microbial
agents

Carpet emissions will dissipate within 48-72
hours with proper ventilation
Alternatives to
Commercialized Carpets

Carpet tiles with tackless installation
– Aid in spot replacement
– Longer life

Fusion-bonded carpets
– Use heat instead of adhesives
– Reduces VOCs
Natural Carpets

Made from grasses, cotton, and wool
 Advantages
– Minimal treatment
– Use renewable resources
– Durable
– Aesthetically pleasing

Disadvantages
– Costly
Cementitious Materials

Provide opportunities for integrating the
floor finish with the building structure
 Durable
 Low maintenance
 Provide the opportunity for using recycled
materials
Stone and Marble

Low-embodied-energy materials
 Low maintenance
 Durable
 Regional sources save transportation costs
Sheet Goods

Available in rolls or tiles
 Require adhesives for installation
 Vinyl and Linoleum
– Advantages
 Low cost
 Durable
 Low maintenance
– Disadvantages
 Extremely difficult to recycle
Sheet Goods Cont’d.
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Recycled-content tile
– Waste glass
 Light bulbs and auto windshields
– Byproduct of feldspar mining
– Higher priced than average tile products
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Rubber
– Highly recycled content
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Cork
– Excellent sound-absorbing material
– recyclable
Recycled Tire Rubber Flooring
Cork Floor Tiles
Wood

Provide optimal environmental benefits
 Renewable and long lasting material
 Easy maintenance
 Aesthetically pleasing
 Reuse and disassembly
Bamboo Flooring
Roofing Materials
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Shingles, tile, and roof panels
 Slate, clay, and cementitious roof materials
– Advantages
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Very durable
– Disadvantages
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Very heavy
Clay roof materials are costly
Fiber-cement composite roof materials
– Advantages
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Lighter (325-500 pounds per square)
Use fiber materials resourcefully
Some use waste paper and wood fiber
60-year warranties
Roofing Materials Cont’d.
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Metal roof materials
 Steel and aluminum
– Advantages
 Contain high percentages of recycled content (up to
100% in many aluminum products)
 Shingle appearance
 Easily recycled
 Lightweight
 Durable
– Disadvantages
 Requires premium metal coatings, factory-finished
panel, or watertight construction detailing when
used for housing
Roof Materials Cont’d.
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Asphalt shingles
– Advantages
 Up to 25% recycled content
– Mixed paper in the base
– Reclaimed minerals in the surface aggregate
– Disadvantages
 Weigh approx. 230 pounds per square
 Not easily recycled
 Typical life is 20-30 years
Eco-Shake

100% recycled materials
– Reinforced vinyl
– Cellulose fiber

Designed to resemble and replace wood
shake shingles
 Does not crack, fade, or curl
 Requires no maintenance
 50 year warranty
Structural Wall Panels

Structural insulated building panel
– Foam sandwiched in between two panels of
structural sheathing material
– Foam is similar to a foam coffee cup
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6 – 12 inches thick
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Replace standard stud/insulation/sheathing
wall system
 Fabricated with 3 types of foam cores:
– Molded expanded polystyrene (MEPS)
– Extruded polystyrene (XEPS)
– Urethane (polyurethane and polyisocyanurate)
Structural Wall Panels Cont’d.
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Structural sheathing material
– Plywood
– Waferboard
– Oriented strand board (OSB)
– Sheetrock
– Metal
Structural Wall Panels Cont’d.
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Advantages
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Environmentally friendly
Very effective insulating qualities
Rapid installation
Consistent quality which minimizes waste
Oriented strand board uses fast growing trees
which can not be used for dimensional lumber
specifications
Disadvantages
– Cost for material alone
 $1.75 to $2.75 per square foot or higher
 Slightly higher than conventional framing costs
Windows

Fingerjointed windows
– Use small pieces of wood
– Need to be painted for aesthetic reasons

Recycled windows
– Reuse of salvaged windows
– Windows of recycled content
Windows Cont’d.

Glazing systems
– Single pane, double glazed, triple glazed, low-
E, and gas filled
– Determine R – value
– Light transmission characteristics

Window style
– Double hung, casement, awning
– Indicate operating characteristics
Windows Cont’d.
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Window frames
– Wood
 Advantages
– Natural product
– Moderate insulator (R1 per inch)

Disadvantages
– Requires some maintenance
– Vinyl
 Advantages
– Lifetime free maintenance

Disadvantages
– Uses nonrenewable petroleum source for extrusion
Windows Cont’d.
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Window frames
– Aluminum
 Advantages
– Lifetime free maintenance

Disadvantages
– Oxidize over the years
Green Home in Bowie, MD

$225,000
 Two-story 3,600 square feet
 Foundation-forming system
– Factory manufactured wall system in PA
– Includes recycled polystyrene
– Foam - 2 inches thick
– Superior wall
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Extremely dense
Resistant to moisture
– Concrete support studs
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Long lived product
Put on gravel footer that drains well
Green Home in Bowie, MD
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Walls
– Autoclaved aerated concrete block
 Uses aerated silicate
– Very resistant to moisture and heat
– Require little maintenance
– Wallboard
 70% gypsum and 30% recycled metal
Green Home in Bowie, MD
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Exterior walls
– Autoclaved aerated concrete block only
– R-value is low
– House is tight

Wall insulation
– Spray applied
– Recovered newspaper
– Not super insulated
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Wood siding
– Recovered wood fiber
– Waste wood byproducts
Green Home in Bowie, MD
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Completed steel frame
– Made largely from recycled metal
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Insulating board
– Contains recycled polystyrene materials
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Metal roof
– Extremely long lived
– Requires little maintenance
– South portion was laminated
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Roofing panels
– Lightweight “cedar-shake” Nailite
 Resin from recycled old computer housings
Green Home in Bowie, MD

Windows
– Exterior
 Low-E argon vinyl
 Require little maintenance
– Interior
 Wood
– 50% sawdust
– 50% polyethylene from recycled plastic grocery bags

Requires painting
Green Home in Bowie, MD

Heating system
– Complete heat system by Lennox
– Hot water tank
 Domestic
 Coil system
 One burner
 93% efficient
– Water heater and furnace
 One unit
 Same high efficiency
Green Home in Bowie, MD

Power display output system
– 1.6 kW system
– Charges batteries or parallels the utility grid
– Net metering

30 – 40% energy savings
Green Home in Bowie, MD
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters in Harrisburg

$5,700,000
– Construction only

73,000 square foot high-performance green
building
 Reused the brownfield site
 DOE2 computer simulations
– Optimized building systems
– Energy budget cut in half compared to a
conventional office building
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters

Low velocity, individually controlled air
volumes
– Delivered at floor level through Krantz
diffusers
– Provides cool/warm airflow at around 6’ – 6”
above finished floor
– Maximizes electrical flexibility

State-of-the-art quick-release cabling and floor
boxes
– Comfortable, productive work environment
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters

Ceiling plan
– 9 foot ceiling height
– Acts as a reflecting surface for pendant
mounted indirect illumination

Lighting system
– Task and ambient
– Reduced from 100 foot-candles to 30 foot-
candles

Reduces energy consumption by 50%
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters

High performance features
– Integrated mechanical, lighting, and ventilation
systems
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

Good air quality
Good thermal quality
Increase in occupant comfort and productivity
– Gas fired adsorption chiller
 No compressor
 No ozone-depleting refrigerants
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters

Other high performance features
– Desiccant wheel for
dehumidification/humidification recovery


Eliminates the need for energy inefficient
humidification control systems
Displace 25 tons of the latent cooling load
– High performance operable windows
 Argon filled low-E glass
– Increases insulating capacity
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters

Other high performance features
– T8 fluorescent lamps
 Electronic ballasts
 Strategically located motion sensor switching
– Reduce electrical power consumption
– Armstrong high reflectance ceiling tiles
 10% more reflective than conventional ceiling tiles

DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters
Ceramic tiles
– no toxic substances or waste
– 70% recycled post-industrial and post-consumer
glass in a ceramic matrix

Carpet
– Nearly 100% recyclable

Wall finishes
– Cork tiles

Carlisle single-ply roofing membrane
– Mechanically fastened
 Minimized use of solvent-based chemical adhesives
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters

Other materials used
– Recycled structural steel
– Solvent-free water-based, non VOC-emitting paint
– Recycled asphalt
– Acrylic concrete sealer
 Eliminates off-gassing in the underfloor supply air
plenum
– Window blinds
 Minimize solar heat gain
 Maintain high levels of visual access to exterior views
DEP South Central Regional
Headquarters
Conclusions

Promotes
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–
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–

Reducing waste
Implementing recycling
Using renewable materials and energy sources
Implementing a better way of manufacturing
Directly benefits you
–
–
–
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Energy efficiency – up to 75% savings
Ease on natural resources
High level of comfort
Better value when you sell