Transcript How Compaq Maps the Market

High Performance RAID Solutions
in the Workstation Environment
RAID as a tool to improve system performance
reliability, value, and scalability
RAID: Working Definitions

A Redundant Array of Independent Drives

A method of protecting access to vital data and
improving system performance through hardware and
software redundancy at the component, storage
subsystem and system level

Three basic types of RAID:
 Intelligent - Runs on an independent processor, like the i960
 Software - Shares the system CPU(s) with applications
 Hardware-assisted - Offloads some tasks, but uses system
resources for others (Typically, an ASIC for parity generation or
memory control)
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RAID Levels





RAID 0
 Striping. Data is striped across multiple disks.
RAID 1
 Mirroring. Data is written identically to a multiple of two disks
simultaneously.
RAID 3
 Striping with Parity. Data is striped across multiple disks and parity
is written to one additional disk.
RAID 5
 Data and parity are written across multiple disks simultaneously.
JBOD (Just A Bunch Of Disks)
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Single Disk (No RAID)
Data Stripes
Disk Drive
Disk Drive
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RAID Level 0 - Disk Striping
Data Stripes
Disk Drive
 Typically used in data rate intensive applications
 RAID 0 uses disk striping. Multiple hard disks used to form a logical drive
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RAID Level 1 - Disk Mirroring
Data Stripes
Disk Drive
 RAID 1 requires a multiple of two drives -- the primary set and the mirror set.
RAID 1 provides the highest level of fault tolerance to a single drive.
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RAID 3 - Disk Striping w/ Parity
Data Stripes
Parity Stripes
Disk Drive
RAID 3 and 5 stripes data across multiple drives and adds parity for fault tolerance.
RAID 3 writes all parity information to one single drive.
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RAID 5 - Disk Striping w/ rotational Parity
Data Stripes
Parity Stripes
Disk Drive
Mylex RAID 5 controllers implement “rotational parity” for increased drive
reliability and reduced “single point of failure”.
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Costs to Deploy and Support Systems
Support
77%
Hardware
15%
Software
6%
LAN
2%
Gartner Group
recommends MIS invest
in technology to reduce
labor costs $200 - $300
per node per year.
Intelligent RAID
Design decisions that reduce support costs provide greater value
to End Users and Support organizations
Source: Gartner Group Presentation 1995, Data from Real Decisions
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Cost of Ownership with Intelligent RAID
Annual Cost
$8,000
34%
Software $940
Training $1,400
Hardware $2,000
Management
$3,830
12%
17%
24%
47%
Source: Forrester Research,
“Managing Unruly Desktops”
Desktop
administrator
and/or tools
$1,278
35%
End user
downtime
$1,350
14%
Coworker time
$540
5%
12%
Prevention
$193
Recovery
$470
End User TCO could decline by $ K’s with Intelligent RAID.
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Performance Gains with Intelligent RAID:
Small Block Sequential
Business Disk WinMark 99
10000
8650
KB/sec
8000
6860
6000
4000
2000
0
AcceleRAID 150
Host-based RAID
Controller
Intelligent RAID Doubles Throughput vs. Host-based RAID in small
block sequential reads & writes
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Performance Gains with Intelligent RAID:
Large Block Sequential
High-End Disk WinMark 99
35000
30000
29000
KB/sec
25000
18400
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
AcceleRAID 150
Host-based RAID
Controller
Intelligent RAID >50% faster than Host-based RAID with
large block sequential transfers
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Performance Gains with Intelligent RAID:
CPU Loads
Disk/Read CPU Utilization
25.00
19.93
CPU %
20.00
15.95
15.00
Utilization
10.00
5.00
0.00
AcceleRAID 150
Host-based RAID
Controller
Intelligent RAID reduces CPU loads by 20% vs. Host-based RAID.
Small Numbers are Better.
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Performance Gains with Intelligent RAID:
Large File Copy
Time (sec)
File Copy (4 x 88MB)
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
81.02
25.20
AcceleRAID 150
Host-based RAID
Controller
Measures time to copy four 88MB files. Run 3 times & averaged.
Small Numbers are Better. Intelligent RAID is three times faster.
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The Value of Reliable Data Access:
The Cost of Down Time

The cost of downtime estimated by Intel to be $48,075 per
event for a company with $5M in annual sales vs a cost
$0.06/GB/day to implement Intelligent RAID
http://www.intel.com/procs/SERVERS/i2otech/iraid/c_course.htm

A similar Study by Computer Select in 1996 estimated the
average cost of downtime within large organizations to be
$76,000 per hour

A 1995 Study by the Gartner Group sited the cost of down time
per event at $209,000
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The Value of Reliable Data Access:
The Cost of Down Time (continued)

“… 99% availability.... ‘This sounds great until you realize that
the missing 1% represents about 90 hours - over three and a half
days of downtime per year,’ says a report by The Standish Group
International Inc. in Dennis, Mass.”
“QuickStudy: Clustering” Computerworld 12/21/98

“Downtime costs more than $50,000 per hour for 40% of the
1,850 IS officials surveyed. A few of the respondents said
downtime costs a whopping $1 million per hour for their
organizations.”
“Reliability Issues Stalk Client/Server”, Computerworld, 10/6/97
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Intelligent RAID Improves System
Scalability

Intelligent RAID offloads the CPU


Frees up cycles for applications
Maximizes system bandwidth

Leverages personal and group productivity by minimizing
downtime and TCO

Add Drives to the Array without downing the system

On Line RAID Expansion in systems with hot spare/hot swap
support

PCI-based RAID controllers can attach as many as 45
drives per RAID controller, up to 8 controllers per system -Up to 18TeraBytes per system configuration

External RAID controllers can attach as many as 500
drives, or 25TB per system
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Intelligent RAID is more Affordable
than YOU Think!

RAID WAS
 Expensive
 Arcane


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RAID IS
 about the same cost as a SCSI Host Adapter
 as easy to install as a graphics card
 as easy to manage as your local hard drive
 flexible enough to configure inside or outside the system
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Typical Workstation RAID Applications

A transfer rate-intensive environment consists of:
 Applications that requires a large amount of data to be processed
in a fixed amount of time


Video playback and video editing are typical transfer rate-intensive
environments
Photo processing, manipulation and rendering

RAID 0 striping is ideal for transfer rate-intensive environments

RAID Optimizes Multithreaded OS performance
 Up to 256 commands can be queued to drives
 Controllers can disconnect from device, reconnect later when
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Applications that benefit from Intelligent
RAID
Solutions for Uniting 2D and 3D.
AutoDesk Professional CAD
Mechanical Desktop®
products
AutoCAD Mechanical
AutoCAD® Release 14
Genius 14
R14 Internet Utilities
Genius Desktop 3
AutoCAD LT®
Genius LT 98
AutoCAD® Express Tools
Genius Vario
AutoSketch®
Autodesk IGES Translator
Autodesk View®
Autodesk STEP Translator
Autodesk View DwgX™
Autodesk VDAFS Translator
QuickCAD™ Millennium Edition
Geographic Information System
(GIS) and mapping solutions
AutoCAD Map®
Autodesk MapGuide™
Autodesk World™
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Professional visualization, modeling,
and animation solutions from Kinetix®.
3D Studio MAX®
3D Studio VIZ®
Character Studio®
RadioRay™
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RAID Levels at a Glance
RAID LEVEL
PERFORMANCE
SECURITY
RAID 0
HIGH
NONE
RAID 1
MEDIUM
HIGH
RAID 3
HIGH
(single threaded reads)
HIGH
LIMITED
RAID 5
HIGH
(small block reads)
HIGH
LIMITED
(Multiple writes required)
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End User Benefits of Intelligent RAID

Performance


Data Protection

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Redundant, Reconstructable, 7 x 24 Data Access
Lower Total Cost of Ownership



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Small Block, Large Block, Large File Applications
Reduced Support Cost
Reduced Down Time
Reduced Recovery Costs
Greater Scalability


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CPU Loads
Storage Capacity
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