Transcript Chapter 4 Prehistoric Cultures

Texas History
Coach Fletcher
Chapter 3
Native Texans
Prehistory
Prehistory is the period of time when
there were no written records of
human experiences.
The scientist who dig beneath the
ground for evidence of past cultures
are called archaeologists.
Artifacts
As archaeologists dig, they look for
artifacts of past life.
Such as:
1. Tools
2. Weapons
3. Pictures
4. Pottery
5. Burials
Through artifacts Historians can begin to
write the history of early people.
Early People During Stone Age
Stone Age was more than 10,000 years ago.
Historians believe the first people to live in the
Western Hemisphere migrated from Asia.
During the Ice Age there was a land bridge that
connected Asia to Alaska, therefore people could
cross the water.
They were nomadic people, moving slowly in search
of food and following wild animals.
Stone Age People
They used flint, horn and bone for
tools.
The spear they used was called the
atlatl, it was designed to be thrown
farther with more force.
The Archaic Era
Sometime after 6000 B.C. the Stone Age
culture changed to a new way of life.
This new change or period of life is the
Archaic Era.
The change was caused by the large game
animals becoming extinct.
This forced the people to change its food
source.
Archaic People
In comparing the Archaic to the Stone Age
cultures the most difference comes
through diet.
Archaic tribes became more like the
region in which they lived. Meaning
they were more spread out and because
of that distance each regional tribe was
different.
With the spread out culture they began to
hunt deer, bears, elk, horses, rabbits, not
just buffalo.
They also began to eat berries, nuts, roots,
and seed.
Eating plants made the culture less nomadic
or more stable in one place.
They began to domesticate plant life,
meaning growing it or controlling it for
human use.
The Formative Era
The Formative Era replaced the
Archaic Era around 1000 B.C.
Pottery, bow and arrow, and farming
were developed.
Scientist call this formative because
Indian civilization was starting to
form.
New Crops
Some of the crops:
1. Tomatoes
2. Pumpkins 3. Peanuts
4. Squash
5. Beans
6. Potatoes
7. Cotton
8. Tobacco
Results of farming:
1. People living longer
2. Population increase
3. More Time to spend on art & architecture
Cultures in Texas
There were basically four major cultures
by region in Texas.
1. Southeastern
2. Gulf Cultures
3. Pueblo
4. Plains Cultures
Southeastern
The Native American people of the
Southeast
1. Caddos
2. Wichitas
The Caddos
More than 24 groups made up the Caddo
people- this group was called the
Confederacies.
Living in East Texas each group had its own
government, headed by two leaders.
One leader handled war and peace, other
handled religion.
The group did a lot of farming, hunting, and
fishing for food sources
They made
many
beautiful
wooden
things. But
these things
are mostly
gone now
because they
rotted away.
Caddo Hut
Caddo Axe Stone
Caddo Pottery
The Wichitas
Located around Dallas-Ft. Worth up
towards Wichita Falls.
Several tribes were known as Wichitas
during the 1600s
They often were at war with Spanish
explorers.
Wee-Ta-Ra-Sha-Ro
Head Wichita Chief
Gulf Cultures
1. Karankawas- Gulf Culture
2. Coahuiltecans- Gulf Culture
The Karankawas
Lived along the Gulf Coast and on small
islands.
The canoes were their most important
possession, used to hunt and fish.
They were very good with pottery and
colorful basket weaving.
They had all been killed or displaced by
the mid 1800s
The
Karankawas
lived mainly
on fish,
oysters, and
shrimp.
The Coahuiltecans
Living in South Texas they often used
bows and arrows for hunting.
All members of the society had equal
status and shared in food and water.
Shamans (healers) were important to the
religion.
Shaman
believed
to have
healing
powers.
The Pueblo
The Pueblo Cultures
includes:
1. Jumanos (hoo
MAH nohz)
2. Tiguas (TEE wahs)
The Jumanos- Pueblo Culture
They were a Pueblo group in Texas, New
Mexico, and Mexico.
They acted as the middlemen between the
Caddo cultures and the Pueblo people.
They had distinctive tattoos on their faces.
Homes built of adobe.
The Apaches destroyed most of their
culture.
Pueblo Village Dance
The Tiguas- Pueblo Culture
They lived near Ysleta or El Paso.
They still live on a reservation near El
Paso.
They celebrate the Fiesta de San Antonio
on June 13th.
Tigua Pueblo Village
1900 Tigua Village
The Plains Cultures
The Plains Cultures included
1. Tonkawas
2. Apaches
3. Comanches
4. Kiowas
Tonkawas
• Tonkawa means, "the people of the
Wolf".
• The Tonkawas claimed they were all
descended from a mythical wolf.
• They would therefore never kill a wolf
• They would perform the Wolf Dance
Tonkawas
Food- hunted buffalo, ate snakes, turtles, elk,
nuts and berries, also farmed
Clothing- buffalo hide, made skirts and
moccasins, jewelry made of shells
Customs- men tattooed themselves, children
often went nude
Enemies- the Comanches
As the last wild
buffalo herds got
wiped out in the
early 1880s, we
can assume that
the robe, worn by
the man in this
photo, was at least
25 to 30 years old
at the time his
picture was taken.
Lipan Apaches
Life- they dominated the Texas plains until
the Comanches came and ran them into
west and south Texas around 1700s
Activities- hunting and warfare
Customs- hair, left side was shaved- right
side was grown long
Appearance- men had pierced ears, plucked
eyebrows
Apache Mother and Child
Geronimo and Apaches in 1886
Geronimo (RIGHT)
Wickiup- Apache Home
Religion- burial of people was fast,
they feared death, all the belongings
of the dead was buried with the dead
Farms- called rancherias
End- death from disease, Comanches,
and attacks from other tribes
He was
reportedly
given the
name
Geronimo
by Mexican
soldiers,
Comanches
Hunted- buffalo on horse back
Home- Tepees living in bands (groups of
families)
Customs- painting faces with bright
colors, wore headdresses, learning to
ride horses was important, best horse
rider was the chief in wars
Comanche Head Dress
The
Comanches
were fierce
warriors
who lived
on the
Southern
Plains
Religion- believed in scalping an enemy so
that it would keep that person’s soul from
going to an afterlife, believed that if a
person lived an honorable live they would
be rewarded with eternal life after death.
Government- set a moral code, rules
defining right and wrong.
Scalping
The Kiowas
Hunted- Buffalo, elk, bear, deer
Friends- allies to the Comanches
Home- tepees, covered in buffalo hide
Food- making pemmican, dried buffalo
meat into a powder mixed with buffalo
juices and fat
Customs- Sun Dance, it was in June,
thought to prevent sickness and disaster.
Kiowa Moccasins/Horse Halter
European Arrival
End of the 15th Century (1400s) the Prehistoric
Period was ending and many European
explorers were coming to the Americans.
Many explorers looked at the Native Americans
as being savage and primitive.
In reality the Native Americans were not
primitive, but placed value on religion, family
and their culture.
Apache Scout
Apache Girl about 14 yrs old
Apache Baby
The Wichita Dance
Wichita
ChildDancer
Comanche Footwear and Child
Comanche on the Canadian River
Apache Indian making fire
Apache Bathing
Primitive Apache home
Apache Warriors- 1906
Key Terms
1. Artifact- An object made by humans in
past life
2. Shaman- A person who was believed to
have healing powers
3. Culture- A way of life by a group of
people
4. Confederacy- A union of people
Key Terms
1. Anthropologist- A person who studies
origin, movement and way of life
2. Adobe- Sun baked clay for homes
3. Nomad- people who moved in search
for food
4. Archaeologist- person who studies the
material remains of past life