Transcript ON PATHS LESS TRODDEN…

ON PATHS
LESS TRODDEN…
Excursions
in SAS/GRAPH
®
and
PROC TABULATE
Presented by Aaron Rabushka
© Aaron Rabushka 2000
PART I:
PROC TABULATE
PROC TABULATE:
GENERAL
• Powerful
• Tricky
– has its own book:
• The SAS Guide
to TABULATE Processing
PROC TABULATE:
GENERAL
• Often used as a big brother to PROC FREQ
to display counts and sums that require
more than two levels of nesting on a page
• Can aggregate any level of its elements’
detail
– label formatting can help distinguish
aggregations of variables
PROC TABULATE:
TYPES OF VARIABLES
Uses two kinds of variables:
– classification variables
•
•
•
•
CLASS statement
can be either numeric or character variables
can be grouped with a FORMAT statement
default statistic is N
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT
NOSEPS;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
PROC TABULATE:
TYPES OF VARIABLES
Uses two kinds of variables:
– classification variables
•
•
•
•
CLASS statement
can be either numeric or character variables
can be grouped with a FORMAT statement
default statistic is N
– analysis variables
• VAR statement
• must be numeric
• default statistic is SUM
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
PROC TABULATE:
INTERRELATING VARIABLES
• CONCATENATION
– can concatenate variables and statistics to each
other in any dimension
• CROSSING (nesting)
– reveals much of the power of PROC
TABULATE
– can cross variables and statistics with each
other and also with formats
PROC TABULATE:
DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY
• Can aggregate and display the aggregations
in three dimensions (in ascending order of
necessity):
– column
– row
– page
• Dimensional specifications are separated
with commas and can be quite complex
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
TABLES ZONE,DAYNUM*SYSID,
N CPUTIME*SUM EXCTIME*SUM;
PROC TABULATE:
DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY
• Can aggregate in any dimension with ALL
– can use labels to distinguish levels of
aggregation
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
TABLES ZONE,
(DAYNUM='DAY' ALL='ALL
DAYS')*(SYSID ALL='ALL
SYSTEMS'),
N=‘NUMBER OF STEPS’*F=9.
CPUTIME*SUM EXCTIME*SUM;
PROC TABULATE:
DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY
• Can aggregate in any dimension with ALL
– can use labels to distinguish levels of
aggregation
• Can also group data over pages with a BY
statement--works if there is no need to
aggregate across BY groups
PROC TABULATE:
AVAILABLE STATISTICS
• Can display many of the statistics available
through PROC MEANS
• Percentages: PCTN (the percentage a cell
comprises of a count) and PCTSUM (the
percentage that a cell comprises of a sum)
– it is IMPERATIVE and often tricky to use the
correct denominator!
– wise to test on “easy” data before applying it to
the real data
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
TABLES ZONE,
(DAYNUM='DAY' ALL='ALL
DAYS')*(SYSID ALL='ALL SYSTEMS'),
N=‘NUMBER OF STEPS’*F=9.
PCTN<SYSID ALL>
CPUTIME*(SUM PCTSUM<SYSID ALL>)
EXCTIME*(SUM PCTSUM<SYSID ALL>);
PROC TABULATE:
DOWNLOADING OUTPUT
• Transfer as text
• May help to eliminate cell separators with
the NOSEPS and/or FORMCHAR
– pro: this can make the output easier to work
with in a spreadsheet
– con: this can make the output confusing to
interpret by obscuring inter-cell relationships
PROC TABULATE:
LIMITATIONS
•
•
Can consume large (perhaps
excessive) amounts of
CPU time
Version 8 is the first to
include an OUTput dataset
PART II:
SAS/GRAPH
SAS/GRAPH:
OUTPUT
• Connects with output equipment using
appropriate GOPTIONS and JCL
• Can print output directly from the
mainframe or download to a PC and process
with Adobe Acrobat®
• Can also output directly to Intranet/Internet
SAS/GRAPH:
COORDINATES
SAS/GRAPH
measures coordinates
from the upper left
corner of the page
SAS/GRAPH:
TEXT
• Can control any text in
the output
–
–
–
–
headings
axes
footnotes
annotations
• Can control many
aspects of text in the
output
–
–
–
–
font
color
weight
slant
SAS/GRAPH:
ANNOTATIONS
• Add text to the outputs from SAS/GRAPH
PROCs
• Stored in a SAS dataset that includes
– text of the annotation
– a value to link it to the input for the PROC
– formatting information
SAS/GRAPH:
COLORS
• Can control colors of many elements of output,
including
– text
– figures
– borders
• Realization is device-dependent--colors may show
up differently on (e.g.,) monitors and printers
• SAS can assign a default sequence of colors, or
programmers can select sequences that they want
SAS/GRAPH:
COLORS
Can use several naming schemes:
– SAS idiomatic color names
• eight pages of choices in the Version 6
manual
– RGB (RED/GREEN/BLUE) scheme
– HLS
(HUE/LIGHTNESS/SATURATION)
scheme
– grey-scale scheme
SAS/GRAPH:
PATTERNS
• SAS can assign a default sequence or
programmers can determine a sequence
• Pattern designations other than SOLID and
EMPTY depend on the direction and
density of their lines and sometimes on the
type of output
CODE EXAMPLE
* ASSIGN SOME PATTERNS AND COLORS;
* SOLID FILLS: ;
PATTERN1 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=PAB;
PATTERN2 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=BLUE;
PATTERN3 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=GREEN;
* SLANTED LINES: ;
PATTERN4 VALUE=L2 COLOR=DER;
* CROSS-HATCHING: ;
PATTERN5 VALUE=X4 COLOR=ORANGE;
SAS/GRAPH:
AXES
• Can create individual definitions of axes, then
assign them in SAS/GRAPH PROCs
• Similar to creating SAS TITLEs
• Can assign attributes including length, scale, color,
tick-markings, and attributes of text
• Vertical or horizontal status is assigned in the
PROCs rather than the AXIS definitions
CODE EXAMPLE
* AXIS DEFINITIONS;
AXIS1
LABEL=('MAINFRAME PRINTERS'
HEIGHT=3) VALUE=(HEIGHT=1)
ORDER='TPK' '3800' 'PRT' 'PAYR'
'STP' 'OTH';
AXIS2
ORDER=(O TO &MAXPAGES BY 20000)
LABEL=(' ') VALUE=(HEIGHT=1);
SAS/GRAPH:
LEGENDS
• SAS/GRAPH has its own legend facility
• Can also use FOOTNOTEs as legends
– can string SPECIAL-font K’s (case-sensitive)
together to produce color bands
CODE EXAMPLE
FOOTNOTE1 HEIGHT=1 BOX=3
FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=VIR 'KKK '
FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK 'TOPEKA '
FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=MOR 'KKK '
FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK '3800 '
FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=GREEN 'KKK '
FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK 'OTHER';
SAS/GRAPH:
THE G-PREFIX
• All SAS/GRAPH PROCs
begin with G• Requires a special set of SAS
options--GOPTIONS
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GSLIDE
Great for text screens
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GSLIDE
Great for text screens
– every element may need an observation in an
ANNOTATE dataset
CODE EXAMPLE
*BUILD AN ANNOTATION DATASET FOR A SLIDE:
;
DATA NOTES; SET ALLDAY;
*OUTPUT THE DATE: ;
X = 40; Y = 55 - (_N_ * 5);
FUNCTION='LABEL';
COLOR = 'BLACK';
STYLE = 'SWISSB';
TEXT=PUT(DATE,WORDDATE18.);
OUTPUT;
CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)
* OUTPUT THE NUMBER OF PAGES: ;
X=90; Y=55 - (_N_ - 5);
FUNCTION='LABEL';
IF COUNT >= 100000 THEN COLOR='RED';
ELSE COLOR='GREEN';
STYLE='SWISSB';
TEXT=PUT(COUNT,COMMA9.);
OUTPUT;
CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)
* TEXT SLIDE FROM THE PRECEDING
ANNOTATIONS: ;
PROC GSLIDE ANNOTATE=NOTES
GOUT=PANELS;
TITLE1 HEIGHT=3
'PAGES PRINTED, BY DAY';
–SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GSLIDE
• Great for text screens
– every element may need an observation in an
ANNOTATE dataset
– also generates some graphics of its own
(e.g., bar charts)
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GCHART
Provides many standard graphing capabilities:
– star charts
– block charts
– pie charts
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GCHART
Provides many standard graphing capabilities:
–
–
–
–
star charts
block charts
pie charts
bar charts
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GCHART
BAR CHARTS
– horizontal bars (HBAR)
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GCHART
BAR CHARTS
– horizontal bars (HBAR)
– vertical bars (VBAR)
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC GCHART DATA=PRINTOUT;
VBAR DEVNAME /
ANNOTATE=LABELS
SUMVAR=PAGES
PATTERNID=MIDPOINT
AUTOREF
MAXIS=AXIS1
RAXIS=AXIS2
CFRAME=LIGR
COUTLINE=DAPB;
TITLE1 "PAGES PRINTED BY DEVICE
FROM &FMDATE TO &TODATE";
FOOTNOTE1…
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GCHART
BAR CHARTS
– horizontal bars (HBAR)
– vertical bars (VBAR)
– can group bars with a GROUP statement and
stack them with a SUBGROUP statement
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GCHART
Interesting use of the term
“midpoint” to mean “category”
– not used in its strict mathematical sense
to mean the half-way point between the
two ends of a quantitative continuum
– can be used for any value, grouped or
elemental, of a numeric or character
variable
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GPLOT
Cannot connect values
in PROC GCHART-need to use GPLOT
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GPLOT
• Can use SAS’s default symbols, or
programmers can select which to use
• Can assign SYMBOL definitions
comparably to AXIS or TITLE definitions
• Can use some pre-defined SAS symbols
(e.g., DOT, SQUARE, DIAMOND) or can
use letters, including their analogues in
SPECIAL and MARKER fonts
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GPLOT
Joining symbols:
INTERPOLATION options
– no joining required
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GPLOT
Joining symbols:
INTERPOLATION options
– no joining required
– lines (straight lines)
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GPLOT
Joining symbols:
INTERPOLATION options
– no joining required
– lines (straight lines)
– splines (curved lines)
– needles
• join symbols to the x-axis rather than to each other
• can be made to look like bars on a bar graph
CODE EXAMPLE
SYMBOL1 VALUE=NONE WIDTH=90
INTERPOL=NEEDLE COLOR=RED;
SYMBOL2 VALUE=N HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER
INTERPOL=JOIN COLOR=ORANGE;
SYMBOL3 VALUE=O HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER
INTERPOL=JOIN COLOR=VIR;
SYMBOL4 VALUE=P HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER
INTERPOL=JOIN COLOR=MOR;
PROC GPLOT DATA=TRNSDATE GOUT=PANELS;
PLOT (PRT STP TOP _3800)*ENDDATE /
HAXIS=AXIS1 VAXIS=AXIS2 OVERLAY;
TITLE1…; TITLE2…; FOOTNOTE1…;
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GPLOT
Several plots on a single graph
– OVERLAY option: several plots keyed to a
single set of axes
– PLOT2 option: one or more plots keyed to the
same x-axis as the first set of plots and to a
second y-axis printed on the graph’s right
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GREPLAY
Great for presenting
output from several
SAS/GRAPH
procedures as panels
on a single page
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GREPLAY
Use a template partly
generated through PROC
GSLIDE and assigned in
PROC GREPLAY
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GREPLAY
Requires an internal (to the SAS job) catalog
of output from preceding procedures
– created by GOUT (graph output) clauses in
preceding procedures
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC GSLIDE GOUT=PANELS;
TITLE1 HEIGHT=3 "THREE PANELS ON A PAGE"; RUN;
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GREPLAY
Requires an interior (to the SAS job) catalog
of output from preceding procedures
– created by GOUT (graph output) clauses in
preceding procedures
– referenced in GREPLAY with the IGOUT
(input graph output catalog)
CODE EXAMPLE
PROC GSLIDE GOUT=PANELS;
TITLE1 HEIGHT=3 "THREE PANELS ON A PAGE"; RUN;
PROC GREPLAY IGOUT=PANELS TC=TEMPCAT NOFS;
SAS/GRAPH:
PROC GREPLAY
Need to assign proper
co-ordinates for each
corner of each panel
CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)
* DEFINE A TEMPLATE;
TDEF THREEPAN DES='THREE
PANELS'
/* PANEL 1--UPPER HALF */
1/ LLX=0
LLY=50 ULX=0
ULY=95
URX=100 URY=95 LRX=100 LRY=50
/* PANEL 2--LOWER LEFT */
2/ LLX=0
LLY=0 ULX=0
ULY=50
URX=50 URY=50 LRX=50 LRY=0
/* PANEL 3--LOWER RIGHT */
3/ LLX=50 LLY=0 ULX=50 ULY=50
URX=100 URY=50 LRX=100 LRY=0
/* PANEL 4--FOR FRAMING THE REST */
4/ LLX=0
LLY=0 ULX=0
ULY=100
LRX=100 LRY=0 URX=100 URY=100;
CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)
* ASSIGN THE PRECEEDING TEMPLATE FOR USE.;
TEMPLATE=THREEPAN;
* REPLAY PRECEDING OUTPUT
INTO THE TEMPLATE'S PANELS.;
TREPLAY 1:GSLIDE 2:GCHART 3:GCHART1 4:GSLIDE1;
OUTPUT EXAMPLES
SCANNED
BY
MAURA SCHREIER-FLEMING
QUESTIONS?