Transcript Dr. Sheila A. Johnston

Dr. Sheila A. Johnston
[email protected]
Interpreting The Science
Mobile Phones Is there a Health Risk
November 9th,1999
The Science
Criteria
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anon peer reviewed
Published in Science J.
follows WHO criteria
Replicated
reviewed by the expert
groups
• used to set standards
-ve Bioeffects ?
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Cancer, 1,2,3,4
1. Epi, human effects
2. In-vivo lifetime assay
3. Promotion & mutant
mice
4. in-vitro- mechanisms
DNA, ODC, HSP70
human sleep, EEG, BP
endocrine effects
human cognition
1.Measurement 2.Research 3.Exposure
Limits
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BASE SITES
measurement 1,2,3
1. reactive near field &
2. near field discussions
3. far field established.
V/m, SAR, CE approved
research established
same limits ww *
• * Russia, China
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MOBILE PHONES
measurement 1,2
1.SAR: near field draft
standardising variables
2. Power emissions W,
CE approval
research underway
2 slightly different
limits N/A vs EC
ICNIRP/EC STANDARDS
BASE SITES
• PUBLIC EXPOSURE LIMITS 0.08 W/kg SAR
frequency E field
power
power
900 MHz 41 V/m
4.5 W/m2 450 mW/cm2
1800MHz 58 V/m
9W/m2
900 mW/cm2
Planning Policy : Town and Country Planning Order 1995 gives exemption to a wide
range of development known as permitted development to a licensed Public
Telecommunications Operator.
LPA respond in writing 42 days after ground based masts with a volume in excess of 2.5
cubic meters written notice re: prior approval required or not
LPA 28 days non ground based masts in excess of 2.5 cubic meters
Code of Best Practice
ICNIRP/EC STANDARDS
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MOBILE PHONES
1. PUBLIC EXPOSURE LIMITS 1.6 to 2 mW/g SAR
2. All EC models of mobile phones CE approved
according to power class specification. The EC
electrical standard for POWER EMISSION.
If you feel your phones doesn’t’ comply you can
complain under the Consumer Protection Act.
Companies can be asked to test their phones.
Testing of phones and base stations can be carried out
by NRPB or Microwave Consultants in the UK.
2 kinds of research, limits, dosimetry:
Base sites
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SAR limits 0.08 W/kg
whole body ex
Ratio, whole body (0.08) to
total heat dissipation
6 min equilibrium (1948
Pennes, Foster 1999)
• so far no time-course doseeffect at/below limit
Mobile phones
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SAR limits 2 W/kg
part body ex
part (2) (0.08x25=2) 1:25
part heat dissipation
6 min equilibrium (‘ 87,
‘89 L& Lagendijk ‘99)
• so far no time-course doseeffect at/below limits
The 10-50x Whole Body Safety Margin
• THRESHOLD for Adverse Effects 4W/kg WHOLE
body. Adverse human health effects, nausea,
dizziness, confusion (NOT CANCER), found with
whole body exposures above 4W/kg.
• The WORKERS limits set 10x below this at
0.4W/kg for workers
• the PUBLIC limits set at 50x below this at 0.08
W/kg (50 x 0.08 = 4 W/kg)
• NO adverse effects no t-c,d-c below the threshold
SAFETY MARGIN of exposure limits
Whole body exposure
• base station exposure
• public limit 0.08 W/kg
• adverse effects above 1oC
(‘48 ‘89,’93)
• Typical ex factor 100x to
1000x less than limit
Part body exposure
• mobile phone exposure
• public limit 2 W/kg
• adverse effects above 1oC
(‘99, ‘89, ‘87)
• at 2W GSM (.25W) brain
0.1oC (‘99)
• Typical ex factor 100x to
1000x less than limit
Examples of peak and average power emission for
class 4 GSM & class 1 GSM-1800 mobile phone
Maximum peak power (Highest
power control level)
Peak power (across power control
levels)
Maximum average power, no
DTX (highest power control
levels)
Average power, no DTX (across
power control levels)
Maximum average power, DTX
(highest power control levels)
Minimum average power) , DTX
(lowest power control level)
GSM Class 4
full rate
2W
GSM-1800
Class 1 full rate
1W
0.003-2W
0.001-1W
240mW
120mW
0.36-240mW
0.12-120mW
29-240mW
(135 mW)
43-361 W
(202 W)
14-120mW
(67 mW)
14-120 W
W)
Pedersen and Andersen, 1999
CANCER
• Ionizing radiation
• nuclear energy
• radiation: Xrays,
gamma rays
• no threshold: follow
precautionary approach
• any dose is hazardous
• any dose can cause
mutations and cancer
• continuous time-course
dose effect
• Non-ionizing radiation
• mobile industry
• radio waves: kHz300GHz
• threshold (1oC)
• no dose below threshold
has adverse effects
• no dose below threshold
causes mutations or cancer
• there is no t-c,d-e below the
threshold
Independent Industry Contributions to
Research
• GSMA ‘82, MMF (25), (WTR/CTIA(38))
• Motorola (39), Fifth Framework EC (9M)
• FGF(64), COMOBIO, ELLETRA,
NRPB’74 Japan (ARIB
• Finland, Sweden, Australia
• NCI, FDA, NIEHS (USA) ?
• MTAG UK, DoH (1B licensing fee)
? Gaps In Measurement & Research
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Whole body:Base stations
near field measurement:
workers exposure -gap
public exp:far field- no gap
CE measurement no gap
research in vivo 2 yr assay
Adey, Zook -no gap
rats cogniton’99 replication
promotion Pim-1’98
(replication)
toxicology, ODC, DNA-no
gap (replication failed)
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Part Body:Mobile phones
near field SAR
measurement-gap
CE measurement- no gap
research dosimetry-ear
Kuster, Gandhi’99, no gap
Heat measurement
Lagendijk ‘99 (replication)
epid‘96, IARC’03
research in vivo 2yr assay
human cognition ‘98 repl
EEG, Sleep, endocrine repl
• Gap: Research scientist don’t know power class
specifications-engineering physics- gap filled by
Industry- expertise in experimental exposure setupsmoney isn’t enough
• Gap: NO WTR Firewalls: gap partly filled by
Institutions who administer funds & Scientists carry
out research & publish in indep scientific journals.
• Gap: Data Bases: Research, past, underway, planned
& Funding, Standards , Regulations, Power Class
Specifications: information is advancing faster than
can be tracked- -gap partly filled by EMF project,
COST, Aachem data base
• GAP: Industry a major stakeholder may NOT be
providing enough technology & research
information on its products for public dissemination
to avoid technology misperception
CAUSES of technology misperception
• Rapid increases in penetration means rapid increases
in antennas. Each antenna can only carry a fixed
number of calls. More antennas mean ?? RF
• Rapid increases in research on mobile phones have
occurred in every country-increases in media stories.
More research studies are ??
• Rapid expansion of the uses of mobile technology is
underway- fax, email & electronic data transfer.??
SIGNS of Technology misperception
• Repetition of health scares in the media
• Governments under pressure to base standards on
political pressure rather than scientific information
• Pressure to shut down base sites due to fear rather
than scientific information
• Government members and local authorities, missing
the information to make planning decisions.
• Private individuals especially the vulnerable ones
afraid and lacking the information to evaluate RF
risks
Solutions to Technology Misperception
• Industry funding NEUTRAL information banks
on technology & research into health & mobile
communications to inform governments and local
authorities and stakeholders.
• Industry supporting the local dissemination of
technology & health information by independent
scientists and government Health Authorities: Video
+£ 50,000 In the Air
• The Director, Femme Michelle Wagenaar- a
communicator, base sites issues: Nokia, Netherlands
Dr. Sheila A. Johnston
[email protected]
Questions
Femme-Michelle Wagenaar
In The Air
[email protected]