Transcript Interwar Years 1920-1938

Interwar Years 1919-1939
THE U.S.S.R
WAR COMMUNISM
Trotsky’s War Communism
“The question as to who is to rule the
country, i.e., of the life or death of the
bourgeoisie, will be decided on either
side, not by references to the
paragraphs of the constitution, but the
employment of all forms of violence…”
Soviet Union (1918-1921)
War Communism
• Red Army fights the White Russian
Army.
– Allowed for an authoritarian government
– Control the economy
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Heavy Industry
Banking
Transportation
Agriculture
• Creation of the Cheka
1921-NEP
• New Economic Policy
– Lenin’s Policy to allow for private enterprise.
• Peasants could farm for profit.
• Peasants had to pay taxes like other citizens.
• Could sell their grain on the open market.
• Satisfy an unhappy population.
• Somewhat successful-did allow for greater
production but peasants could not participate
in the economy there was a lack of consumer
goods.
Politburo (1921-1924)
• Governing committee of the Communist
Party.
– Divided over the Lenin’s NEP
• Went against Marxist principles.
• Doubted Lenin’s ability as leader
– 1922-Lenin had a stroke, died in 1924
• Struggle for leadership
– Trotsky vs. Stalin
Third International
• Founded by Soviet
communists (1919)
• AKA Comintern
• Bolshevik Revolution is
the model for all other
socialist parties
• Imposed 21 conditions
for any socialist party
wishing to join.
• Wanted to destroy
democratic socialism for
betraying the working
class.
Trotsky
• Left wing
• Rapid industrialization
supported by farm
production.
• Collectivized Agriculture,
peasants should pay for
industrialization
• Spread revolutionary
communism so that Russia
could build its economy.
• Supported Party criticism
Josef Stalin
• Communist party
General Secretary
• Right Wing
• Concentrate on Russian
Socialism
• Beat Trotsky for control
of the party by 1927
• Industrialization
(Gosplan-5 year plan)
• Reverse NEP
• Collectivization-Kulaks
Fascism (1922-1945)
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Authoritarian
Anti-democratic
Anti-Marxist
Anti-parliamentary
Anti-Semitic (Germany)
Nationalist
Protected Italy from the
spread of Bolshevism
Fascist Support
• Middle class
• Small business
owners
• Property owners
• Small farmers
• All had to support
the nation over
everything else.
Fascism
“The fascist conception of the state is allembracing, and outside of the state no
human or spiritual values can exist, let
alone be desirable”
Origins of Fascism
• Fasci di Combattimento, “Bands of Combat”
founded in 1919.
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War veterans
Felt Versailles Treaty was unfair to Italy
Feared the spread of socialism
Worried about inflation
Parliamentary government was failing
• Led by Mussolini-former socialist who
became a nationalist during WWI.
Post war Italy
• Worker’s strikes occurred regularly.
• Worker’s occupied factories
• Peasants seized uncultivated land from large
estates.
• Socialism was growing--communist ideas
were beginning to spread.
• Catholic party was growing as well, would not
join with the socialists.
• Italy was on the edge of a communist revolt.
Mussolini and his Black Shirts
• Local terrorist squads
– Sought out and terrified socialists
– Attacked strikers and farm workers
– Had the support of Italian conservatives and industrialists.
• March on Rome (1922)
– Black Shirts wanted power, King Victor Emmanuel did not
and could not stop them.
Fascists in Power
• Mussolini appointed Prime Minister (October
1922), appointed dictator (November 1922)
– One year term
– Asked to bring domestic order to government.
• Appointed other fascists to government position.
• 1924 Fascist win control of the Chamber of
Deputies using new election laws.
• 1925-Parliament ends-Mussolini permitted to
rule by decree, all other political parties
dissolved.
1929 Lateran Accord
• Made peace with the Catholic Church
• Recognized the Pope as Temporal ruler of
Vatican city.
• Italy agreed to pay the Vatican for land seized
after Italian Unification.
• Recognized Catholicism as the religion of
Italy.
• Exempt the church from paying taxes
• Church law governed marriage
Nazism, Fascism, Communism
1919-1938
From the point of view of either
the Russian, German, or Italian
citizen; Which leader was most
effective and why?
The Weimar Republic
• German Government following WWI
– Led by Social Democrats
– Opposed by:
• loyalists, conservatives, military officers, and
the public.
• Associated with the Versailles Treaty and
accepting defeat.
• Plagued by economic instability
• Criticized for their inconsistent policies and their
reluctance to oppose the Allies.
Weimar Constitution
• 1919-Constitution written and approved
– Guaranteed civil liberties
– Provided for direct elections by universal suffrage
in the Reichstag
– Provided for proportional representation for all
elections. (?)
• Allowed for small parties to gain seats in the Reichstag
– President had the right to appoint and dismiss the
Chancellor (head administrative and executive
position) (??)
– Article 48 (???)
• Allowed the president to rule by decree in an emergency
by temporary dictatorship
Opposition to the Weimar
Republic
• 1920 Kapp Putsch
– Right wing
• (Conservative, reactionary, traditional)
• Armed insurrection led by civil servants and army
officers.
• Failed
– Left Wing
• Workers carried out a general strike including the Ruhr.
• Proletariat movement following the Bolshevik modelSpartacus Movement.
• Government reacted by occupying the Ruhr
• 1921-Allies presented a reparation bill for 132
billion gold marks.
– Government agreed after threats of occupation
Weimar Economics
• One Dollar
– 1914- 4.2 Deutschmark
– 1921- 64 Deutschmark
– 1923-800,000,000 Deutschmark
• What caused inflation?
Weimar Economics
• Inflation and Depression
– Reparations
– Ruhr occupation(France) and strikes by German
workers’ strikes (passive resistance).
– Unemployment
– Continuous rise in prices and printing paper
money.
– People lost their savings, middle class and lower
middle class were wiped out.
Hitler’s Early Career
Hitler’s Early Career
• Born 1889
• 1907-In Vienna where he had hoped to make
it as an artist.
– Made a living as a laborer and minor artist
– Influenced by Karl Lueger (Mayor) who shared his
ideas of anti-Semitism and was a member of the
Christian Socialist Party.
– Learned to hate Marxism
• 1914-1918-Served in WWI developed his
nationalism
Hitler in Munich
• 1920
– Briefly governed by Social Democrats
– Hitler’s nationalism, anti-Semitism grew
stronger
– Joined the Nationalist Socialist German
Workers’ Party, The Nazis
– Used the Swastika as their party emblem
Nazi Socialism
• Subordination of all economic enterprise to
the welfare of the nation.
• Appealed to those who suffered from
economic distress.
• Supported by war veterans and those who
despised the Weimar Republic
• The SA (storm troopers) were organized
under the leadership of Ernst Roehm.
The Storm Troopers
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Paramilitary
Provided with food, money, uniforms (Brown Shirts)
Used terror and intimidation
Attacked socialists and communists
Hitler’s personality and oratory skills allowed him to
lead the Nazi Party
1923 Beer Hall Putsch
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Munich
Hitler and his Brown Shirts
Crushed by the local authorities
16 Nazis were killed, Hitler and Ludendorff
were arrested and tried for treason.
• Hitler used this as a publicity stunt.
• Officially condemned,
– Jews, the republic, and the Versailles Treaty.
• Sentenced to five years, only served a few
months.
“Mein Kampf”
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My Struggle
Profitable
Not taken seriously at the time
Outlined his key political ideas
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Anti-semitism
Opposition to Bolshevism
Lebensraum (eastward expansion, “living space”)
Renewed German imperialism (Eastern EuropeStates created as a result of WWI, the Soviet
Union)
– Destroy anyone opposed to his philosophy
Weimar and Stresemann
• 1923 Gustav Stresemann Chancellor
– Economic reconstruction
• Abandoned passive resistance in the Ruhr
• Introduced new currency
– 1 Rentenmark = 1 trillion German Mark
– Political Opposition
• Crushed Nazi insurrection
– Foreign Minister until 1929
Weimar and The Dawes Plan
• 1924
– Allies agreed to a new system of reparation
payment
– An American plan-Banker Charles Dawes.
– Lowered annual payments and allowed
them to vary according to Germany’s ability
to pay.
Weimar and Hindenburg
• 1925
– Replaced Social Democrat Ebert as
President
– Conservative monarchist and military hero
– Governed strictly by the constitution
– German economy and industry recovered
during his tenure.
– Along with Stresemann’s foreign
diplomacy, Germany was moving ahead.
Locarno Agreement
• 1925
– Stresemann proposed a fresh start
– Negotiated by Chamberlain (Britain) and Briand
(France)
• Western Frontier is legitimate
• Italy and Britain agreed to intervene if either side violated
the frontier or if Germany occupied the Rhineland.
• Little Entente continued (Czech., Romania, Yugoslavia)
• Germany agreed to negotiate with Poland and
Czechoslovakia
• Germany was permitted to join the League of Nations
• France agreed to withdraw troops from the Rhineland
five years early, (1930)
Success for now
• Locarno
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Germany received respectability
Britain was a major player
Italy was recognized
France had their permanent frontier guaranteed by
Italy and Britain.
– France maintained its alliances in the east.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
– 15 nations agreed to outlawing war and acts of
aggression to settling disputes
– Could not be enforced
Germany
• Hindenburg
– 1925 appoints Heinrich Br üning-could never
achieve a parliamentary majority.
– Brüning governed by Article 48
– 1930-New Parliamentary Elections
• Communism and Nazism grew more popular.
• Nazi’s grew from 12 seats to 102
– 1932-Brüning out, Franz von Papen (conservative)
is in.
– 1932-Elections-Nazis had 196 seats.
– Social and Political conditions forced Hindenburg
to grant Hitler the Chancellorship.
• Why did the Great Depression of
the1930s occur, and why was it more
severe and longer lasting than previous
depression?
Depression and Reaction
• Finances directly related to World War I
and the peace settlement.
• Economic crisis because of poor
production and distribution of goods in
the world market.
• Lack of strong economic leadership and
responsibility with the Atlantic economic
community.
The United States
• 1928
– Lending to Europe slowed down.
– Investment and speculation increased on New
York stock market.
– Speculation led to inability to repay loans when
the market crashed.
– Credit disappeared
– Little American money available for Europe.
• 1931
– European banks began to fail.
– Hoover’s Moratorium.
• Why did Britain’s National Government
and France’s Popular Front deal with
the depression in different ways? Why
did the Third Republic have so few
supporters?
Great Britain-The National
Government
• New coalition government
• Abandoned “traditional” economic policy.
• Work within government structure to change
economic downfall.
• 1929-Labour Party-Ramsey MacDonald-Could not
decide how to react. (see page 969)
• Labour forced out (except MacDonald)-New Coalition
government formed.
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Tried to balance the budget.
Cut insurance benefits to the unemployed/elderly.
Lowered government salaries
Off of the Gold Standard
France-The Popular Front
• Depression came later and lasted longer.
• Depression came in lowered wages, higher
tariffs, and prices.
• Reparation payments stopped.
• Government corruption was evident to the
public.
• Demonstrations followed government
scandals.
• 1936-Socialist Right Wing Popular Front
came to power with a goal of preserving the
republic and seeking social reform.
The Pillars of
Society
t