Transcript Unit Six Nature and Nurture
New College English Book Two
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Unit Six Nature and Nurture
2020/4/29 New College English
Key words
dress alike, personality, curious, resemble, be proud, lonely, make friends, make friends, bored, discouraged, mirror image
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Common sense
Nature:
everything genetically
Nurture: a person inherits
home environment and the influences parents had on their children; the general social environment which includes such things as family influences, peer influences, and educational experiences
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Inherited traits
big/ small eyes, double eyelids, curly hair, color of skin, poor/ good eyesight, good brains, left-handedness, big feet, logical mind, height, fat gene, artistic gene, facial feature, blood type, taste to food, hobby …
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What
’
s your opinion about
‘
the success of a person depends on hard work?
That the success of a person depends on hard work is not the only factor. There are other factors that determine success, such as good teachers, a good school, money, good luck, etc. But hard work does contribute to a person ’ s success. Some people do not have to work harder than others, but their success still depends on hard work. 2020/4/29 New College English 6
Unit Six Nature and Nurture
Genes that predict disease
I Cancer
II Aids
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Background Information
Since the early 1980s, scientists have revealed some 40 human genes involved in cancer. These genes are essential for normal growth, but can be subverted ( 搅乱 ) to cause a tumor ( 肿瘤 ).
Dr. Jorge Yunis of the University of Minnesota Medical School in Minneapolis has found that 70 percent of oncogenes, or cancer-causing genes, are located near 8 2020/4/29 New College English
Background Information
Cancer
inherited weak points on chromosomes.( 染色体 ) Varying from individual to individual, these fragile sites are particularly vulnerable ( 敏感的 )to chemical carcinogens( 致癌物质 ), X rays and other cancer-inducing agents. Yunis and other investigators have found that petroleum-based products-notably pesticides and insecticides damage specific sites on at least two of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes that carry genetic information. Similarly, tobacco, smoke tends to attack a part of another chromosome..
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Background Information
AIDS
An estimated 1.5 million Americans have come into contact with the AIDS virus but remain free of symptoms. British researchers have just learnt that vulnerability to the lethal (
致死的
) virus depends at least in part on genes. A group of doctors looked at six combinations of an inherited protein found on some human and animal cell surfaces. The researchers concluded that one of the protein combinations makes the people who carry it highly resistant to AIDS, while another makes them highly vulnerable. The other four combinations fall in between.
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Background Information The work may shed light on why the disease is spreading so rapidly among heterosexuals ( 异性恋者 ) in Central Africa. Blacks from that region are nearly ten times likelier that Caucasians to carry the “ most susceptible “ protein homosexuals ( 同性恋者 ).
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The similarities between Gladys and Helen
environments, weight, height, hair color, teeth
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Differences between Gladys and Helen
Gladys Helen education having not received college education having received college education personality shy, self-conscious, quiet Confident, graceful manner 2020/4/29 having no charming or graceful manner New College English Showing considerable polish and ease in social
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Language Points
1. Consider
Vt. consider + n ( pron.
) We must consider this matter from different standpoints.
（角度 ) Always consider the feelings of other people. Passive structure 略 All things considered, you did very wisely.
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Language Points
跟由连接代词 ( 副词 ) 引导的不定式 1.We have to consider what material to use first. 2.Have you considered how to get there ?
跟动名词 They are considering giving us greater say in such matters.
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Language Points
跟名词复合结构 I consider it a great privilege to have been permitted to study here.
获准在此学习 , 我深感荣幸 .
Consider +n ( pron )+ adj ( 不定式 ) 1. Do you consider him trust-worthy? 2. They consider me too young to do the work.
Consider ... as 16 2020/4/29 New College English
Language Points
considering prep 1.Considering your age and inexperience, you have done pretty well. 2.It’s excusable considering that he is still a child.
consideration to take …into consideration considerate 体贴的 , 体谅的 17 2020/4/29 New College English
Language Points
Considerable 值得考虑的 , 重大的 ; 相当多 的 considrable time( money, number, success achievement, trouble, courage) considerably adv 很大程度上地 She is considerably older than she looks.
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Language Points
2. determine Vt. 决定 判断 It’s man’s social being that determines his consciousness. 社会存在决定社会意识 Who determines the overall production plan?
determine to do sth be determined to do be determined+clause determination
n
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Language Points
3.contrast
n.
对比 , 对照 ; 差别 , 反差 She is a complete contrast to her sister. This artist uses contrast skillfully. by contrast 对比之下 in contrast with ( to ) …… 与 … 形成对比 contrast
vt. Vi.
In this book, the writer contrasts good with evil. 20 2020/4/29 New College English
Language Points
4. identify
v.
认出 , 识别 , 确定 The light was too dim for me to identify her.He identify the coat as his brother’s. identify... with… 认为 … 等同于 He identifies beauty with goodness. 他认为美即善 .
identify oneself as 自称为 … 自报身份 A stranger identified himself as Mr. Cooper. 21 2020/4/29 New College English
Language Points
I identified myself first.
我先自报 了一下身份 .
identity card ID card identical the same 同一的 ; 一 模一样的 这便是谋杀时所用的那把刀子 .
This knife is identical to the one with which the murder was committed. The fingerprints of no two persons are identical.
Identical twins 同卵双胞胎 2020/4/29 New College English 22
Language Points
5. polish 擦光 , 擦亮 brush.
Polish your shoes with a 使完美 , 改进 给文章润色 polish one’s English( writing, article) 2020/4/29 New College English 23
Language Points
His manners needs polishing. 他的举止欠优雅 She plays the piano with great polish. polish n 擦亮剂 , 上光剂 Polish 波兰人的 , 波兰语 .
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Language Points and Structure other than other than : 相当于 apart from... , except …. 1. English is now spoken in many countries other than England . 2. Helen had been healthier than Gladys, in childhood and adulthood, but other than that, their environments had been very similar except for their educations.
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Structure
other than 常用于否定句中 , 方式状语前 1.You can’t get there other than by swimming. 2.They couldn’t complete this design other than with computers.
与 no/ nothing/none 连用 1.The signal could mean nothing other than a halt to the advance. 26 2020/4/29 New College English
Language points and Structure 2.There is no choice other than to reopen his case. 3. It was none other than the same room that he entered. 4. The man who sent flowers was none other than the man She had spoken to the before.
other than +clause ( subject+ link verb ) 27 2020/4/29 New College English
Structure
1.I can’t be other than I am.
（我只是 我） 2.I don’t wish him other than he is. 他就这样好了 .
more than more than 十分 , 非常丰富 1.She was more than kind to all of us. 2.They were more glad to help. more than 不止 28 2020/4/29 New College English
Structure
1.The boy was more than slightly hurt. 这孩子伤得可不轻 . more than +clause ( can ) 1.That is more than I can say.( 我说不上 来 ) 2. Love you more than I can say. 爱你在心口难开 . 3. The beauty of the place is more than I can describe…… 无法描述 29 2020/4/29 New College English
Structure
More…than 与其 … 不如 … 1. He is more brave than wise.
他有勇无谋 2. She was more of a nurse than a doctor. 2020/4/29 New College English 30
Translation
No characteristics is caused exclusively by either environment or genes. ( Para 1) These cases demonstrate that individuals with the same genes ,when raised in the same environment, will respond to it in much the same way. ( Para 2) Therefore, as one might expect,they maintained the closest resemblance to each other in physical appearance,height and weight. ( Para 3 ) 31 2020/4/29 New College English
Translation
The following case illustrates what happens to identical twins when they are brought up in contrasting environment.( Para 4 ) As an advertisement for a college education the contrast between these twins should be effective.( Para 8 ) Important as they are , genes alone are never absolutely responsible for any trait what we can do is set by the genes, but what we actually do is largely determined by the environment .( Para 9 ) 32 2020/4/29 New College English
Related grammar: concessive clause 1) though, although “Though, although” can be used together with “yet”, but not “but”.
Although it’s raining, they’re still working in the field.
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
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2) as
“ As ” can only be used at the beginning of a sentence, and the predictive or adverbial should be in front of the verb.
Child as / though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
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3) Even if, enven though
We ’ ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) Whether … or Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
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5)
“
no matter +
疑问词” 或“疑问 词
+
后缀
ever
” No matter what happened, he would not mind.
= Whatever happened, he would not mind.
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no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 2020/4/29 New College English 37
“No matter” can not lead noun clauses.
F) No matter what you say is of no use now.
T) Whatever you say is of no use now.
F) Prisoners have not eat no matter what they’re given.
T) Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.
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6) while “While” can only be used in subordinate clause before the main clause.
While he is young, he can speak five languages.
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Exercises
1.The girls exhibited climb. great courage during the a. indicated c. found b. showed d. lacked 2.Careless drivers are liable to meet with accidents.
a. likely b. possible c. able d. responsible
3.This is a school for children with severe learning difficulties.
a. extreme b. worst C. serious d. special
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Exercises
4.The story he told about her illustrates her true generosity very clearly. a. demonstrate c. represents b.describes d. reveals 5.How much similarity is there between the two religions ? a. conflict c. likeness b. connection d. friendship 41 2020/4/29 New College English
Exercises
6.Talks between the two sides results. yielded no
a. produced c. reported b. offered d. revealed
7.What she is saying is substantially true.
a. considerably b. essentially c. actually d. completely
8.There have been massive investment in this area. increase in the
a rapid b. steady c. great d. definite
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Exercises
9. She just is not graceful enough to be a dancer.
a. sensitive c. Skillful b. intelligent d. elegant
10. She gave a very persuasive speech about the need for more funding for the project.
a. convincing c. brief b. formal d. excellent
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Further Development
Which Has Had More Influences on You, Heredity or Environment?
I benefit and suffer much from heredity. A short but stout figure, an introvert but sincere personality, and unimaginative but rational mind: all of these traits come from the genes passed on to me. But family, schools, and society play the most important role in my life.
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Further Development
My parents are both blue--collar workers, which makes me fond of physical exercise and turns my big frame into a strong body. My honest parents punish me severely whenever I lie or make false promises, thus I’ve learnt the importance of personal integrity. In school I’ve learned to help others, to care for others and also to improve my reasoning and understand ing. Learning about various skills and bad examples of behavior from the media and other sources of information, I am able to set up my moral system of what to do and what to hate.
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Further Development
Environment can change a person completely no matter where he was born and what he inherited from his parents. I always believe that a person can succeed in doing anything he really wants to do. Your environment provides all kinds of opportunities and necessary things throughout your life.
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Is it necessary for Mencius’ mother to make three removals?
for: 1. Environment casts great influence on us.
2. Your environment provides all kinds of opportunities and necessary things throughout your life.
3. Environment can change a person completely no matter where he was born and what he inherited from his parents. 2020/4/29 New College English 47
Against: 1. The success of a person depends on many factors, such as fortune, opportunity, persistence, hard work, etc. among them I think hard work is the basic factor.
2. Education can’t make a genius out of an inborn idiot.
3. Intelligence is something people are endowed by nature, which can’t be changed by education.
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The identical twins
These identical twins, separated at birth, were reunited at age 31. Although raised apart, they had a great deal in common. Both had become firefighters, wore mustaches, were balding, had poor vision, enjoyed hunting and fishing, and drank the same brand of beer. Comparisons of twins reared apart are a valuable source of data for scientists who wish to determine the relative influence of heredity and upbringing on particular traits. 2020/4/29 New College English 49