Transcript asdfs
Cell Cycle & Mitosis Review Chapter 12 Campbell & Reese Cell division in bacterial cells is called Binary fission ________________ Phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is copied S (synthesis) Type of cell division in eukaryotic cells that results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells. mitosis Imaginary plane in a cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase Metaphase plate This network of fibers that attach to and guide the chromosomes apart is Mitotic spindle called the ______________ Phase of mitosis that follows anaphase telophase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2 Mitosis (prophase) Phase of mitosis that follows metaphase anaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G1 S These structures at the poles seen in animal cells to which the spindle fibers attach centrosomes = __________________ meta The cell above is in ______phase G1, S, and G2 make up this phase of the cell cycle. interphase This is also called the “microtubule organizing center” centrosome Shortest phase of the cell cycle in which sister chromatids separate and begin moving to opposite poles anaphase Plant cells can’t form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis due to their cell wall, instead they form a _______________ cell plate to divide. This phase of the cell cycle is anaphase _____________ Part of interphase in which the cell grows to mature size and carries out its job. G 1 Region where the two chromatid copies are most closely attached centromere =______________ kinetochore is a structure The _________ of proteins associated with DNA in this region to which the spindle fibers attach Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are visible, the nuclear envelope returns, spindle fibers disappear, and DNA becomes less condensed telophase Shallow groove in an animal cell membrane near the old metaphase plate that forms during cytokinesis Cleavage furrow How many chromosomes are shown in the figure at the right? 4 How many chromatids? 8 Campbell Concept check 12.2 Dividing wall that forms during cytokinesis in a plant cell to separate the 2 daughter cells Cell plate During which of the phases of Interphase does cell growth occur? All phases G1, S, G2 Area next to the nucleus in which the centrioles are found that organizes the formation of the spindle centrosomes Phase in which the nuclear membrane disappears and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores prometaphase Phase in which the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell metaphase Phase after S in which cells make the molecules and organelles needed for cell division G2 This is called a Cleavage furrow _____________ an animal This cell is _____________ cell. Plants don’t have cleavage furrows. an animal a plant The proteins around which DNA wraps to from a chromosome are histones called ____________ One of 2 identical arms that make up a chromosome chromatid Phase of mitosis that follows prophase Prometaphase/metaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows S G2 What enzyme replaces telomeres and is elevated in cancer cells? telomerase Humans with an XY karyotype are ________ male male female The protective tips at the ends of chromosomes that prevent loss of information during replication are called _______________ telomeres What happens to telomeres as cells age? They shorten This phase of the cell cycle is metaphase ________________ Phase of the cell cycle cells spend most of their time in. G1 of interphase This cell is in __________ telophase The cell above is a _________ cell. Plant animal plant You can see the cell plate forming in center instead of a cleavage furrow. Phase of the cell cycle where cells spend most of their time. They grow bigger and do their job as body cells. G1 List the phases of mitosis in order starting with interphase Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Disorder in which body cells lose their ability to control cell division cancer The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site metastasis Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s) _________________________________ are enzymes that give the go ahead signals for cell division which are present in cells in inactive forms until they bind with a cyclin. checkpoint A ________________ is a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle. Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing due to availability of growth factors and nutrients. Density dependent inhibition DNA and attached proteins which is less tightly wound in an interphase nucleus is called________________ chromatin Phase of mitosis in which nucleoli disappear and chromatin begins to condense into chromosomes, centrosome is visible, and mitotic spindle begins to form prophase The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells which bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to control the cell cycle cyclins Proteins released by certain cells which stimulate other cells to divide Growth factors In this part of interphase following S cells make the molecules and organelles needed for cell division G2 The 2 copies of each chromosome homologous are called ______________ chromosomes because are the same size,same shape, and carry genes for the same traits. Phase of mitosis in which nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules attach to the chromosomes anaphase Phase of cell division in which the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes begin to spread out into chromatin. telophase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase INTERPHASE DNA is all spread out as chromatin ________________ and nuclear envelope & nucleoli are visible PROPHASE ________________ Chromatin condenses and chromosomes are first visible INTERPHASE ________________ METAPHASE Made up of G1, S, G2 ________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of cell Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase INTERPHASE _______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to divide ANAPHASE _______________ Chromatid arms separate and move to opposite ends of the cell TELOPHASE _______________ Chromosomes unwind into chromatin & nuclear envelope returns PROMETAPHASE _______________ Nuclear envelope fragments & microtubules attach to chromosomes Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase TELOPHASE __________________ Two nuclei are visible PROPHASE __________________ First dividing phase PROPHASE __________________ Spindle begins to form & centrosomes move toward poles _________________ Cytoplasm is split between two CYTOKINESIS cells TELOPHASE __________________ Spindle fibers and centrosomes disappear Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase METAPHASE __________________ longest dividing phase ANAPHASE __________________ shortest dividing phase CYTOKINESIS __________________ overlaps with telophase TELOPHASE __________________ Could also be called “reverse prophase” ANAPHASE __________________ Nonkinetochore fibers elongate the cell S G1 G2 G0 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C) G0 _______ Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in S ________ DNA is copied G2 ________ centrosomes are copied G 0 ________ M ________ G________ 1, S, G0 Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing Division of chromosomes happens Growth happens S G1 C _______ G2 _______ M _______ G2 G0 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C) Division of cytoplasm happens Follows S and cell makes the molecules and organelles needed for cell division Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase During which stages of a cell cycle would a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids? From end of S in interphase through the end of metaphase of mitosis Campbell Concept check 12.2 Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells. Both form two identical daughter cells but mechanism is different Animal cells occurs by cleavage, which divides the parent cell in two using a contractile ring of actin; In plant cells a cell plate forms in the middle and grows until its membrane fuses with the parent cell plasma membrane; A new cell wall is produced from the cell plate Campbell Concept check 12.2 Phase of mitosis where the cytoplasm is split between two cells CYTOKINESIS Radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome aster Type of cell division used by organisms to grow bigger, repair injuries, and replace worn out cells. mitosis Mass of abnormal cells tumor Kinases work by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy _________ donor molecule to another molecule. Cdk’s are inactive unless cyclin _________ proteins are attached 2 matching chromosomes that are thesame size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits. HOMOLOGOUS Type of nuclear division that produces 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell mitosis Type of division used by bacteria to reproduce Binary fission Name the proteins that become active when attached to cyclins which allow cells to proceed past cell cycle checkpoints Cdk’s Cyclin dependent kinases The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a new distant location is called metastasis ___________________ A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the cells in which part of the cell Campbell Concept check 12.3 cycle? G 1 Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to grow are called Growth factors ________________________. Disease in which body cells lose their ability to control cell division cancer Repeating sequence of events that cells go through during their lifetime Cell cycle Phase in which the nucleus divides mitosis Phase in which cells grow and mature and where they spend most of their life G1 Which complex (a cyclin + a Cdk) is acts as the go-ahead signal for a cell to pass the G2 phase checkpoint and enter mitosis? MPF “maturation promoting factor” or “M-phase promoting factor” is the signal to enter mitosis Campbell Concept check 12.3 Phase in which the DNA is copied S or SYNTHESIS Phase in which cells leave the cycle and stop dividing all together G0 Phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing Density dependent inhibition Most animal cells must be attached to a substrate such as a culture dish or extracellular matrix. This is anchorage dependence called ______________ Somatic cells or body cells have 2 _____________ copies of each chromosome. A cell’s genetic information is called its _____________ genome Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which have one copy of each chomosome are called ___________ gametes or germ cells. A cell takes the longest time going through interphase _______________. A. prophase B. prometaphase C. metaphase D. anaphase E. telophase F. interphase Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? 32 cells Campbell Concept check 12.1 How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome? 2 Campbell Concept check 12.1 A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its somatic cells; how many did the chicken inherit from each parent? 78; 39 from each parent How many chromosomes are in each of the chicken’s gametes? 39 How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cell of the chicken’s offspring? 78 How many chromosomes are in a “set”? 39 Campbell Concept check 12.1 What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules? Elongate cell during anaphase Campbell Concept check 12.2 Identify three similarities between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes, considering both structure and behavior during cell division. Each consists of a single molecule of DNA with attached proteins; During cell division the two copies actively move apart; After cell division, one copy ends up in each daughter cell Campbell Concept check 12.2 Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis? A. B. C. D. E. condensation of the chromosomes replication of DNA separation of sister chromatids spindle formation separation of the centrosomes B happens in interphase (S) Campbell Self-Quiz In the light micrograph below dividing cells near the tip of an onion root, identify a cell in each of the following stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE REST ARE INTERPHASE Campbell Self-Quiz In some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis occurring. This will result in A A. cells with more than one nucleus B. C. D. E. cells that are unusually small cells lacking nuclei destruction of chromosomes cell cycles lacking S phase Campbell Self-Quiz The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? A. spindle formation B. spindle attachment to kinetochores C. DNA synthesis D. cell elongation during anaphase E E. cleavage furrow formation Campbell Self-Quiz The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is caused by A. the destruction of the protein kinase (CdK) B. decreased synthesis of cyclin C C. the degradation of cyclin D. synthesis of DNA E. an increase in the cell’s volume to genome ratio Campbell Self-Quiz A particular cell has half as much DNA as some of the other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in A A. B. C. D. E. G1 G2 prophase metaphase anaphase Campbell Self-Quiz One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is that C A. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNA B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S phase C. cancer cells continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together D. cancer cells cannot function properly because they suffer from density-dependent inhibition E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cycle Campbell Self-Quiz Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be related to A A. B. C. D. E. disruption of mitotic spindle formation inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylation suppression of cyclin production myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation inhibition of DNA synthesis Campbell Self-Quiz Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely B A. B. C. D. E. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle a bacterial cell dividing a plant cell in metaphase Campbell Self-Quiz Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to B A. kinase synthesis by ribosomes B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclins C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by means of phosphorylation D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteases E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentration below the inhibitory threshold Campbell Self-Quiz What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Metaphase What phase is it? Interphase No chromosomes yet What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Prophase What phase is it? prophase What phase is it? Telophase What phase is it? Metaphase What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Telophase What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Metaphase THE END