C

hapter

8

Wood and Wood Products

Objectives

• • • • After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Distinguish between hardwoods and softwoods.

Outline the steps in lumber production.

Identify various grades and sizes of softwood and hardwood lumber.

Distinguish between plywood, hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, oriented strand board, and waferboard.

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Objectives (continued)

• • Identify various wood panel products.

Distinguish between laminated-veneer lumber, glue-laminated beams, wood I-joists, open-web trusses, and parallel-strand lumber.

• Summarize the differences between wood shingles and wood shakes.

• Identify other wood products used in construction.

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Wood and Wood Products

Wood Wood Panel Products Engineered Lumber and Beams Other Wood Products © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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Wood

Classification of Wood Lumber © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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Wood

• Classification of Wood

Softwoods: conifers, evergreen trees, includes fir, pine, spruce, cedar, redwood

•

Hardwoods: deciduous trees, lose leaves, includes ash, cherry, maple, oak, walnut

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Wood

• • • • • • • Lumber

Converting logs into lumber Seasoning lumber Lumber classification and grades Lumber sizes Lumber uses Treated and manufactured lumber Lumber safety

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Converting logs into lumber

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Seasoning lumber

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber classification and grades -Boards: less than 2″ nominal thickness

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber classification and grades -Dimension lumber: 2″



5″ thick -Grade: light-framing

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber classification and grades -Dimension lumber: 2″–5″ thick -Grade: stud

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber classification and grades -Dimension lumber: 2″



5″ thick -Grade: structural light-framing: select structural, No. 1 and better, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber classification and grades -Dimension lumber: 2″



5″ thick -Grade: structural joists and planks: select structural, No. 1 and better, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber classification and grades -Timbers: greater than 5″ thick - Grades: select structural, No. 1, No. 2

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber sizes

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber uses -Framing, interior and exterior trim

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Treated and manufactured lumber

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Wood

• Lumber (continued)

Lumber safety - Handling long boards - Walking on edges of joists and rafters - Splinters - Treated lumber - Hand and power tools

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Green Construction: Sustainable Forestry

Timber is a renewable resource, meaning wood and wood products should be sustainable construction materials. However, for many years trees have been harvested more rapidly than they have been replaced. For this reason, other ways must be used to help increase wood and wood product sustainability.

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Wood Panel Products

Plywood Hardboard Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Waferboard Working with Wood Panel Products © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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Wood Panel Products

• Plywood

Manufacturing processes: -Rotary cut or sliced veneer -3, 5, or 7 plies assembled with grain at right angles

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Wood Panel Products

• Plywood (continued)

Types -Softwood plywood: strength and stiffness, appearance grades used where panel is visible -Hardwood plywood: lumber-core, veneer-core

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Wood Panel Products

• Plywood (continued)

Sizes -Panel size: 4′ x 8′ -Thicknesses 1/4″, 3/8″ 1/2″, 5/8″, and 3/4″ -Softwood structural panels also available in thicknesses of 15/32″, 19/32″, and 23/32″

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Wood Panel Products

• Plywood (continued)

Grades and uses -Softwood plywood: -Structural grades -Appearance grades

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Wood Panel Products

• Plywood (continued)

Grades and uses -Hardwood plywood, Appearance grades: 1 Premium, 1 Good, 2, 3, 4

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Wood Panel Products

• • • • Hardboard

Made from wood fiber Grades: standard, tempered, and service Thicknesses: 1/8″, 3/16″ 1/4″ Panel size: 4′ x 8′

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Wood Panel Products

• • • Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF)

Small wood particles held together with adhesive Thicknesses: 1/4″ to 17/16″ Panel Size: 4′ x 8′

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Wood Panel Products

• • • • • Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

Long, narrow, strand-like particles held together with adhesive Assembled in layers with alternating strand direction Grade stamp much like structural plywood grade stamp Thicknesses: 1/4″ to 3/4″ Panel size: 4′ x 8′

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Wood Panel Products

• • • Waferboard

Particles larger than those used for OSB Particles randomly oriented Available in the same sizes and grades as OSB

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Wood Panel Products

• • • Working with Wood Panel Products

Often easier to cut panels after they are in place Can be heavy and difficult to handle Follow correct procedures when using nail gun

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Engineered Lumber and Beams

Laminated-Veneer Lumber (LVL) Glue-Laminated Beams Wood I-Joists Open-Web Joists Parallel-Strand Lumber © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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Engineered Lumber and Beams

• • • • Laminated-Veneer Lumber (LVL)

1/8″ thick x 8′ long pieces of veneer Joints staggered Plies glued together to make long pieces Used for headers, beams, columns

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Engineered Lumber and Beams

• • • Glue-Laminated Beams

Made by gluing together several thicknesses of 2″ lumber Straight glue-laminated used for beams, headers, stair stringers Curved glue-laminated used to frame arch roofs

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Engineered Lumber and Beams

• • • • Wood I-Joists

Plywood or OSB web LVL top and bottom chord Width varies from 9 1/2″



32″ Lengths up to 60′

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Engineered Lumber and Beams

• • • Open-Web Joists

2 x 4 top and bottom chord Wood or steel webs Spans of more than 30′ are possible

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Engineered Lumber and Beams

• • • • • Parallel-Strand Lumber

Made from 1/8″ x 1/2″ x 8′ veneer strands Coated with adhesive Machine stacked, random end overlap Cured under pressure Sawn into finished sizes

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Other Wood Products

Wood Shingles and Shakes Wood Siding Wood Molding © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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Other Wood Products

• • Wood Shingles and Shakes

Shingles: sawn to taper from 1/8 ″ Shakes: to 1/2 ″

•

Grades: No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4

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Other Wood Products

• Wood Siding

Horizontal: variety of patterns

•

Vertical: plywood and board and batten

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Other Wood Products

• Wood Molding

Ceiling

•

Floor and wall

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Career Connection: Wood-Related Careers

There are a wide variety of occupations related to the production of wood products used in construction. Foresters, heavy equipment operators, sawyers, and inspectors all must meet certain education requirements for their lines of work.

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