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PART II
Introduction
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PART II: Introduction
 Everly and Benson’s Disorders of
Arousal Model: The most comprehensive
analysis of the mechanisms of the stress-disease
process
 Potential stressors trigger limbic system
arousal (can become Limbic Hypersensitivity
Phenomenon, or LHP)
 Limbic arousal triggers neurological,
neuronendocrine, & endocrine stress
axes
 Overstimulation of those axes triggers
stress arousal (can become arousal disorder)
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PART II: Introduction (cont’d)
 Everly and Lating (2002) used Everly
and Benson’s model to identify the
three key elements of arousal that
characterize the stress response and
are precursors to stress-related
disease development
Increased neurotransmitter arousal and
activity
Increased neuromuscular arousal
Increased negative cognitive arousal
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PART II: Introduction (cont’d)
 Linked together, these three key elements
initiate and sustain the stress response
 A comprehensive model for coping with
stress needs strategies to break this chain
and start the relaxation response
 The stress management strategies of the
Five Rs of Coping with Stress Model combat
one or more of the three levels of arousal
identified by Everly and Lating
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PART II: Introduction (cont’d)
 The Five Rs of Coping with Stress
Model
Rethink
Reduce
Relax
Release
Reorganize
 A synergistic effect occurs when all
five work together simultaneously
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Chapter 7
Rethinking the Big
Picture
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Rethinking Your Perspective on
the World
Most of our stress is determined
by the way we view
the world in general
potential stressors in particular
Often, our appraisal of potential
stressors and the emotions
aroused by them is inaccurate
(based on a distorted world view
or faulty thinking)
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Rethinking Your Perspective on
the World
Your perspective: your big
picture of how the world and
people in it should be
There are many ways to
change one’s perspective for
the purpose of reducing stress
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Knowing What You Value
Our values are the mirror of
our personalities
Values clarification: a threepart process
Prizing beliefs and
behaviors
Choosing beliefs and
behaviors
Acting on beliefs
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Whose Life Is It Anyway?
 Most people are caught up in living
someone else’s life
 Being out of control is being less
hardy and stress resistant
 Pulling one’s own strings
Having an internal locus of control
Resisting being swayed by others
Making your own plans and decisions,
based on a rational assessment of issues
Not buying into illogical assumptions
about potential stressors
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Purposeful Living and
Your Own Goal Setting
Purposeful living: having a
purpose that meshes with who
you are, your values, and your
daily life criteria
Goals should be realistic
Small
Manageable
Achievable
Goals should have measurable
objectives
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Expecting and Embracing
Change
 “The only constant in life is change.”
 Understanding that life is constantly
changing will help us accept change
and rethink it as a potential stressor
 To thrive (not merely survive), we
must adapt to change or be left
behind
 Hardy people embrace change, adapt
to it, and thrive under changing
circumstances (Kobassa et al.)
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Putting Things in Proper
Perspective
Realize you are not the
center of the universe
(Naikan Philosophy).
Accept the fact that you
cannot plan for and control
everything
Appreciate the humor in life
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One must develop three humor
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skills (Metcalf & Felible)
Embracing the Absurdity of
Difficult Situations
 Humor skill #1: Accepting absurdity/ Radical
acceptance.
 This will let you escape from the center of the
universe
 Humor skill #2: Take yourself lightly but your work
problem seriously.
 It exemplifies grace and modesty
 It is characterized by a humble attitude and a
proper perspective
 Humor skill #3: Having a sense of joy in being alive.
 Near death experiences can change
perspectives.
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Putting Humor Into Your
Life
Humor helps us go with the flow
Its root is umor, Latin for fluid,
like water.
It is physiologically impossible to
be laughing and stressed at the
same time
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Reducing Stress by Enjoying
Life More
Many have forgotten that we
need and deserve to have fun
Most other cultures take midday
breaks or longer vacations
Work has become the end rather
than the means
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Changing Perspective by
Slowing the Pace of Your Life
The pace of life affects the
quality of life
Living life too fast doesn’t
allow one time to enjoy it
Stop (or at least slow down)
and smell the roses
8 week classes?
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