Transcript PENGANTAR ANATOMI VETERINER

OSTEOLOGY
OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones
and their relation
Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton
Skeleton: is applied to the framework of hard structures which supports
and protects the soft tissue of animals.
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Bones System and their
relationship
• FERTILISATION  ZYGOTE (mitosis:
cleavage)  MORULA  BLASTULA 
GASTRULA  divides into 3:
- ectoderm : external layer skin & nerve
- endoderm: inner layer viscera
- mesoderm: between ecto & endoderm 
muscles and bones.
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON
• SUPPORT THE BODY
• MAKE THE SHAPE OF THE BODY
• PROTECK WEAK ORGANS
• PASSIVE MOVEMENT ORGAN
• PLACE FOR FIXING MUSCLE
• PLACE FOR PRODUCES BLOOD
• RESERVOIR CHEMICAL AGENT: Ca & P
THE SKELETON MAY BE DIVIDED PRIMARY INTO
THREE PARTS:
SKELETON/ AXIALIS
Collumnar Vertebralis
Cranium
Sternum
Costae, Pelvis
SKELETON APPENDICULARIS
Ossa Extremitas Cranialis et Caudalis
SKELETON VISCERALIS : consists of certain bones
developed in the substance of some of the viscera or
soft organ
Os. Vesali
Os. Penis
Os. Glandis
os Hyoideus
os Cordis
SKELETON AXIALIS
(1) Collumnar Vertebralis,
composes of :
Ossa. Cranii,
Cervicalis, Thoracalis, Lumbalis,
Sacralis and Coccygealis
(2) Ossa Costae, Sternum,
Clavicula, Scapula,Coxae
(os Coxae, composes of: Ossa
pubic, ilium and ischiadicum)
SKELETON
APPENDICULARIS
Extremitas Cranialis :
Ossa Humerus, Radius-Ulna,
Carpal, Metacarpal,
Phalangis/digitalis
Extremitas Caudalis :
Ossa Femuralis, Tibia-Fibula,
Tarsal, Metatarsal,
Phalangis/digitalis
ACCORDING THEIR BONES
SHAPE
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Ossa Longa (lonng)
Ossa Plana (flat)
Ossa Brevia (short)
Ossa Irregularis (irregular)
os brevia
os longa
os plana
OSSA LONGA
(long bone)
Ossa plana
(flat bone)
OSSA BREVIA
(short bone)
OSSA IRREGULARIA
THE AMOUNT OF THE
BONES
Each breed have different amount
 example: horse 205 bones
cattle 191 – 193 bones
chicken 160 boness
human 206 bones (old), 270 (young)
This condition is depended by breed (ras)
and age.
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DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF BONE
(osteogenesis)
1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis =
primer): cel-cel mesenchym osteoblast 
osteocyt  matrix become gel & solid (osteoid) 
calcification  punctum ossification.
 2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis
= secundair):
started by cartilage : cel2 mesenchym
chondroblast chondrocyt (fit length) ossification.
Osteoblast : destroy bone layer in order to make the
shape.
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Punctum ossification
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DEVELOPMENT :
Interstitial development
( from the middle of tissue )
appostitional development
(fron the lateral, the tissue change in order to
fix bone layer)
PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION
VERTEBRATA post natal
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GROUP I
Horse
Cattle
Sheep
nil
nil
nil
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GROUP II
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Man
Rabbit
Dog
Cat
Pig
Guinea pig
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SEXUAL AND BODY MATURE
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BREED
SEXUAL M
BODY M
horse
1 year
4-5 years
cattle
5-9 months 4-5 years
Sheep/goat
6 months
4-5 years
pig
3-4 months 4-7 years
Dog
8 months
1,5-2 year
BONE STRUCTURE
Bone mainly compose of bone tissue, but as
an organ, it have layer term as periosteum,
endosteum, medulla ossium, blood vessels
and nerves.
 According to the architecture :
1. compact substance.
2. spongiosa substance
In the long bone have medullar cavity.
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Periosteum: is a membrane which
enclose superficial surface of bone,
except at the part which is lined by
cartilage.
Endosteum: is a thin fibrous membrane
which enclose medullare cavity and big
Haversian canal.
Medulla ossium: placed between
spongiosum bone and medullar cavity in
the long bone.
in the adult animals have 2 variation:
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In the young animals only have red
(medulla ossium rubra), although then
a part has change to be yellow
(medulla ossium flava)
Medulla ossium rubra contains several
type characteristic cells and as an
substansia to make blood.
Medulla ossium flava : contains fatty
tissue.
BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES
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composes 2 artery : periosteal and medullaris
nutritional foramen : hole in bone for passing
through blood vessels  give nutrition.
Nerves distribute together with blood vessels.
nerve ending in the periosteum (corpuscle
Vater-Pacini) may be as sensoris, and
probably as connection with muscle sense.
BoneStructure
 macroscopic
structure
 microscopic structure
 chemical and physical
structure
MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA
SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA
compact and spons bones
spongiosa bone
compact bone
part os longa
DIAPHISA
EPIPHYSA
Ossa pneumatica
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SINUS :air spaces within compact substance contain air
instead of spongy bone and marrow and, are called
pneumatic bones. The cavity are term as sinus, the
communicate indirectly with external air
SINUS
Physic os longa
capsula cartilago
Osseous
epiphysis
epiphise plate
Osseous
metaphisis
Physical strength of bone
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The bone of just death animal has yellowish
white color.
If it dip or boil s and give a chemical agent to
eliminate stain become white.
Berat jenis fresh mass bone: 1,9
The bone is hard & strong enough for pressure
Strength pressure 20.000 pound per suare inch,
strength of pulling 15.000 lb/inch² which more
strong than white oak trees.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF BONE
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Dried bone consists of organic and in
organic matter which ratio 1 : 2.
Removal of organic matter by heat does not
change the general form, but reduces the
weight about 1/3 and makes bone very fragile
Decalcification, not change the form and size,
but renders it soft and pliable.
Organic matter (ossein) boils  gelatin.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
& PHYSIC
 chemis: organic : inorganic 1:2
 composition bone:
gelatin
33,30%
kalsium fosfat
57,35%
kalsium karbonat
3,85%
magnesium fosfat
2,05%
natrium karbonat& klorida 3,45%
Parts of Bones
• Periosteum / endosteum:
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has capability to make new bone layer
cartilage: its for elascity and pressure absorber
joint between 2 bones.
Tendo, ligament: fixing tissue between bones or
muscles.
BONES TERMS
• Processus : bone elevation usually long
• Tuberositas (tuber) :big protruded bone and
round form, but it’s not make a joint.
• Tuberculum: small protruded bone
• Trochanter :its use for several protruded
bone and its not make a joint.
• Spina (processus spinosus) : high protruded
bone, usually flat and sometimes sharp
LUMBAL BONE
Proc transversus
PROC SPINOSUS
Proc spinosus
Term of form/ structure
cavum
sinus
• Sinus
• Processus
• Fissura
• incissura
angulus
• Crista :elevation of bone which sharp edge.
• Linea : very small elevation = line
• Caput : head = proximal end which enlarger
for fitting the joint, probably connected with
body/corpus by constricted area term as
neck (collum)
• Collum : neck
• Condyl (condylus) : bone elevation which
cylendrical form for fitting the joint.
• Epicondylus : cantinuation of condyl which not
make joint.
• Trochlea : pulley form (katrol) for mass joint
• Cavitas glenoidalis : low concave joint
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(dangkal).
Cavitas cotyloid (acetabulum) : concave
joint which is deep.
Facet : usually for small joint surface and
it’s not so elevated their concave or convex
surface.
Fossa : concave/ curve
Fovea : concave/ curve
Alae : wing
• Sulcus : long depression like a canal.
• Impressio : depression cause of pressure
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another organ.
Foramen : hole for passing blood vessels,
nerves, etc.
canalis : long hole like a tube
Fissura : space/ space within bone.
Incissura : cracking bone.
Sinus : air spaces within the compact
substance, this cavities term as sinuses, are
lined with mucous membrane & they
communicate indirectly with external air
JOINTS / SYNDESMOLOGY
 Is formed by the union of two or more bones or
cartilages by other tissue.
 The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous fibrous
tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of these.
 Union of parts of the skeleton by muscles term
as SYNSARCOSIS
CLASSIFICATION
 1. Fibrous joint (synsarcosis): the
segment are united by fibrous tissue,
often term as fixed or immovable joints.
 2. cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis): the
segment are united by fibrocartilages or
hyaline cartilage, or combination of the
two.
 3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis)
FIBROUS JOINTS
 1. SUTURE: the adjacent bones are closely
united by fibrous tissue – sutural ligament:suture serrata: sutura interfrontal
- suture squamosa: between
temporal and parietal bones
- sutura plana(harmonia): internasal suture
 2. SYNDESMOSIS: the uniting medium is
white fibrous or elastic tussue or mixture: exp:
metacarpal bones.
 3. GOMPHOSIS: implantation of the teeth
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
 1. SYNCHONDROSIS (hyaline cartilage
joints): it’s a temporary one, then the
cartilage is converted into bone:
epiphysis.
 2. SYMPHYSIS (fibrocartilaginous joints):
exp: symphysis pelvis , sternebrae.
JOINTS BETWEEN BONES
(juncturae ossium)
 JOINTS = syndesmology (diarthrosis)
 requirements:
1. articular surface
2. cartilago
3. capsula synoviale
4. ligamentum
5. discus and meniscus
6. marginal cartilago (labrum
gleniodale, acetabulare)
CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY
STRUCTURE
 chemic: organic : an organic 1:2
 composition :
gelatin
33,30%
calcium phosphat
57,35%
calcium carbonat
3,85%
magnesium phosphat
2,05%
natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%
Supporting of the bones
 Periosteum / endosteum:
it can make a new layer outside and inside of the bone
 Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock
absorbers between 2 bones.
 Tendon, ligament: elastic tissue that fix
between 2 bones or with muscles.