Transcript Gender and Economic Development

Social Institutions
and Gender Equality
Indicators and Measurement Tools
Denis Drechsler
Johannes P. Jütting
OECD Development Centre
Rome  December 2007
OECD’s Knowledge Centre on
Development
A bridge between …
• OECD members and partners
• Research and policy
• Policy communities
• Different actors: private, public, etc.
Gender Equality:
Intrinsic and instrumental values
• One of the Millennium Development Goals
• A neglected driver for economic growth
• A double dividend for OECD countries
• More sustainable growth in non-OECD
countries
Gender equality has many dimensions…
…and also involves social institutions
Social
Institutions
Health and
Wellbeing
Educational
Attainment
Traditional Building
Blocks
Political
Economic
of GenderParticipation
Equality
Empowerment
The OECD Data Base on Gender
GID-DB
The OECD Gender, Institutions
and Development Data Base
…and its innovation:
Data on Social Institutions
What are social institutions?
• Social institutions include norms,
traditions and family law
• They may arguably be the most important
determinants of gender equality:
– They have generally been in existence for centuries;
– They are extremely difficult to change; and
– They frequently override formal laws and regulations
• They are difficult to identify and measure
How do social institutions fit in?
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Gender Equality
12 innovative variables
Social Institutions Variables
Family Code
• Early marriage
• Polygamy
Physical Integrity
• Female genital
mutilation
• Parental authority
• Violence against
women
• Inheritance
• Missing women
Civil Liberties
• Freedom of
movement
• Obligation to wear
a veil in public
Ownership Rights
• Access to land
• Access to bank
loans
• Access to
property
Gender inequality in social institutions
High discrimination in social institutions
Elevated discrimination in social institutions
Low discrimination in social institutions
Country not included
…not necessarily associated
with per capita income
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
HIC (non OECD)
Family Code
LMC
Physical Integrity
UMC
Civil Liberties
HIC
Ownership Rights
Scale: 0 (minimum) to 1 (maximum) = level of discrimination through social institutions
Source: GID Database
60
Social institutions and
women in paid employment
0
20
40
GHA
UKR
ISL
BGR
SVK
VNM
EST
NZL
SWE
NAM
FINRUS
HND
GBR
CAN
NOR
AUS ISR
USA
COL
DNK
POL
ARG
IRL
HUN
FRA
ARM
BWABEN
CHE
PRT
THA
BRA
DEU
URY
CZE
NLD
ROU
AUT
BEL
PAN
LKA
PRY
VEN
KOR
ITA
ECU
PHL
GRC
NIC
TGO
JPN
ESP
ETH
CRI
HTI CHN ALB
ZAF
KEN
MUS
LUX
MYS
CUB
MEX
CHL
PER
MRT
BOL
MMR FJI
MLI
UGA ERI
DOM
NGA
MLT
SLV
IDN
CAF
GNB
ZMB
TZA
AGO
MAR
LBN
SEN
OMN
TUN MDG
JOR
BGD
KWT
CMR ZWEEGY
TUR
CIV
SYR
IND
IRN
DZA
BFA
LBY
SAU
UAE
MWINPL BHRMOZ
GNQ
NER PAK
YEM
TCD
0
.2
.4
Institutions
Fitted values
.6
WWORKING (non-agri %)
.8
SDN
Challenges to better data
and measurement tools
• Dealing with various sources (international,
national, non-governmental…)
• Confusion of policy makers? Proliferation of
composite indicators
• What’s missing:
– Involvement of citizens – bottom-up approach
– Making statistics more attractive
The GID Data Base on Swivel
Data, explanations, comments…
…and specialised user groups
Next step:
For more information:
www.oecd.org/dev/gender