Transcript sintofarmcaribe.com

Sintoclor
CATION-ANION
BALANCE
Coated calcium chloride
Protected anionic mineral supplement for animal nutrition
APPLICATION OF ANIONIC SALTS IN
ANIMAL NUTRITION
As factor of electrolytic equilibrium of the organism with
particular reference to the cation-anion balance
C.A.B.
Cation-Anion Balance
Cation-Anion Balance (CAB)
When the balance between cation
and anion result in a net negative
charge blood pH is lowered.
To neutralize the lower blood pH
caused by negative DCAD, the
animal mobilizes buffers including
Ca phosphate and bicarbonate from
bone.
The metabolic manipulation
normally leads to lower urine pH.
Urinary pH is a good indicator of susceptibility to parturient hypocalcemia
and the effectiveness of DCAB adjustment.
Using the correct DCAD
a urine pH of 6 to 6.5 will be achieved.
C.A.B.
Equation
DCAB
EB
Species References
= (Na+K) – (Cl+S)
Cattle
KAMPHUES 1996
Na + K – Cl
Poultry
MOGNIN 1981
= (Na + K) - Cl
Swine
HAYDON 1990
Swine
JÜRGENS 1991
ACB
= (Ca + Mg + Na + K) – (P + Met./Cys. + Cl)
Swine
DOBENECKER et al. 1999
DCAD
= (Na + K) – (Cl + S)
Horses
COOPER et al. 1999
Urine anion gap = Na + K – Cl
Dogs
SHAW 1991
BE
= (Ca + Mg + Na + K) – (P + Met./Cys. + Cl)
Dogs
KIENZLE 1995
BE
blood levels
Man
ZANDER 1994
Suggested DCAD (dietary cation-anion difference) values
Values
Target
References
- 250 meq/kg DM
Transition cows
BEEDE 1991
- 150 meq/kg DM
Transition cows
KAMPHUES 1995
0 –100 meq/kg DM
Transition cows
RACCOMENDED BY SODA
+ 250 meq/kg of Feed
Poultry
LEESON et al. 1995
+200 meq/kg of Feed
Broilers
COBB
+ 250 meq/kg DM
Broilers
MOGNIN 1981
+ 250 meq/kg DM
Broilers
MOGNIN und SAUVEUR 1977
- 200 mmol/kg DM
Preparturient sows
250 – 280 meq/kg
Pigs
140-150 meq/kg DM
+ 130 meq/kg
Piglets
Finishing pigs- lower ammonia
KIENZLE 1993
KEMME-KRONSBERG 1993; NRC1998
RACCOMENDED BY SODA
CHANH et al. 1998
emission
< 200 meq/kg
Piglets for growth
DERSJANT-LI et al. 1998
Acidogenic potency of feedstuffs
Mineral content of some feedstuffs (% dm)
Stuffs
Ca, %
P, %
Na, %
Mg, %
K, %
S, %
Barley
0,04
0,27
0,02
0,10
0,31
0,15
Mais silage *
0,12
0,17
0,02
0,09
1,27
0,09
Fish meal
5,30
3,10
0,50
0,17
0,70
0,45
Oat
0,05
0,34
0,15
0,16
0,36
0,20
Grass silage
0,51
0,31
0,23
0,23
2,23
0,21
Soy-hull
0,30
0,65
0,27
0,26
1,90
0,40
Wheat
0,05
0,34
0,02
0,10
0,42
0,15
Rye
0,06
0,32
0,02
0,12
0,47
0,15
Acidogenic potency
Quick calculation
Na+
K+
Ca++
Mg++
ClS--
Atomic weight Equivalent weight
(g)
(g)
23.0
23.00
39.1
39.10
40.1
20.05
24.3
12.20
35.5
35.50
32.1
16.05
Factor to convert from
%diet to mEq/kg
435
256
499
823
282
624
Physiological and sensorial estimation of acid salts
Metabolism
Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
Metabolic problem
Epsom salts
MgSO4
Bad absorption
Calcium sulphate (gypsum) CaSO4
Bad absorption
Calcium chloride
CaCl2
Ammonium chloride
NH4Cl
Off flavour, risk of rumen acidosis
Metabolic problem
MAIN MINERAL SALTS
USED TO BALANCE THE
CAB
Calcium chloride
Magnesium sulphate
Ammonium chloride
Relative Potency of
Acidogenic Substances
CaCl2 Calcium chloride
Calcium chloride is one of the best source of anionic
salts for transition cows and pre-farrowing sows.
Double action calcium salt.
Good source of calcium at very low acid-binding
capacity and high bio-availability Cl anion (>90%).
It can achieve the correct level of cation-anion
balance and in this way the calcium requirements
will be met without mineral restriction.
Relative Potency of
Acidogenic Substances
MgSO4- magnesium sulfate
The effectiveness of MgSO4 as an acidifier is arguable.
Mg supplementation might be beneficial in cows fed
NH4Cl2 if the basal Mg intake is marginal. Ammonium
salts may impair Mg utilization, thereby producing a
secondary magnesium deficiency.
Dietary supplementation with Mg might help prevent
this adverse effect of ammonium salts and might also
help counteract impairment of magnesium absorption
associated with high dietary potassium.
Relative Potency of
Acidogenic Substances
NH4Cl- ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride is acidogenic because the NH4+
ion dissociates into NH3 and H+, and the NH3 can be
converted to urea in the liver.
Waste of energy.
Ammonium salts may impair Mg utilization thereby
producing a secondary magnesium deficiency.
Not included in the feed materials list of EU (excluding
France only for fattening lamb).
Relative Potency of
Acidogenic Substances
On the basis of data referred to the acidogenic potency,
calcium chloride is the most active but it shows palatability
and handling problems during feed production
A protection technology is necessary for an efficient use
in order to avoid all negative factors
COATED CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Why?
Negative factors
•Highly hygroscopic
•Very soluble
•Unpalatable
•Irritation of mucosa
•Risk of acidosis
Technology of protection
W.R.C.®
(Water Releasing Control)
Protection coating
Slow release
Main target
small intestine
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products exposed to air, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride at time 0
SINTOCLOR at time 0
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products exposed to air, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride after 4min
SINTOCLOR after 4 min
Unlike SINTOCLOR, CaCl2 begins to adsorb humidity already after 4
minutes of exposure to air.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products exposed to air, observed under the microscope
The granule is
translucent, as
it is absorbing
water
Granular calcium chloride after 6 min
SINTOCLOR after 6 min
Humidity penetrates into the granule of CaCl2, while it remains adhering to the
surface of SINTOCLOR without penetrating.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products exposed to air, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride after 20 min
SINTOCLOR after 20 min
After 20 minutes of exposure to air the described phenomena continue.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products exposed to air, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride after 30 min
SINTOCLOR after 30
min
After 30 minutes of exposure to air CaCl2 is completely surrounded unlike
SINTOCLOR, where small water drops are forming only on the surface.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products wet with water, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride at time 0
SINTOCLOR at time 0
Calcium chloride and SINTOCLOR have been placed on a slide, a coffee spoon of
water was added and observed under the microscope. Immediately after the contact
with water, CaCl2 begins to dissolve while SINTOCLOR remains unaltered.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products wet with water, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride after 1minute
SINTOCLOR after 1 minute
CaCl2 continues dissolving, causing an increase of water temperature,
while SINTOCLOR remains unaltered.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products wet with water, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride after 2minutes
SINTOCLOR after 2 minutes
CaCl2 continues dissolving, causing an increase of water temperature,
while SINTOCLOR remains unaltered.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
products wet with water, observed under the microscope
Granular calcium chloride after 5 minutes
SINTOCLOR after 5 minutes
After 5 minutes CaCl2 has completely dissolved, while SINTOCLOR microgranules
only show small water drops at the surface.
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
SINTOCLOR wet with water, observed under the
microscope after 30 minutes
The water drop
cannot
penetrate the
granule of
SINTOCLOR
and remains on
the surface
Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR
SINTOCLOR wet with water, observed under the
microscope after 120 minutes
SINTOCLOR
W.R.C.®
(Water Releasing Control)
Advantages
•Contains a negative (-) 14,000 mEq/Kg
DM - DCAD: (Na + K) - (Cl + S)
•Mixing and pelleting resistant
•Easier and safer to handle
•Homogeneous physical presentation
(200-1300 microns microgranule)
•Gradual release of contents in the
upper part of the intestine