Transcript Slide 1

Dennis Gabor – the inventor of
holography
By Andrei Nesterovitch
Stephen F. Austin State University
BIO 575
Instructor – Dr. Alexandra Van Kley
Fall 2003
WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?
Encyclopedia Britannica:
Date: 1964
: the art or process of making or using a hologram
WHAT IS HOLOGRAM?
Encyclopedia Britannica:
Date: 1949
: a three-dimensional image reproduced from a
pattern of interference produced by a split coherent
beam of radiation (as a laser); also : the pattern of
interference itself
WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?
Although often compared with photography,
holography is really a completely different medium.
• Traditional Pictures Have No 'Depth‘
When we look at a photograph and move it from side to
side, we are unable to see ‘around' the scene or perceive
any depth. Likewise, we cannot see over or under the
image.
• Multiple Views Create '3D Effect'
A hologram is also flat, but the image captured by the
hologram is not. When we look at a hologram and move it
from side to side, we can see many different views of the
scene. We can also look behind foreground elements to
see things in the background.
WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?
• Holograms Appear to 'Leap Off' the Film
Another difference between holograms and photographs is
that holographers can position their images to ‘project off'
or ‘float over' the surface of the film. A viewer can reach out
and put his hand right through the apparently solid image.
WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?
The biography of Dennis Gabor
(1900-1979)
"You can't predict the future, but you can invent it." Dennis Gabor
D. Gabor was born in Budapest, Hungary,
and his life-long love of physics started
suddenly at the age of 15.
He learned the calculus and worked through
the textbook in the next two years.
With his late brother George, they also built
up a little laboratory in their home, where
they could repeat most experiments which
were modern at that time, such as wireless
X-rays and radioactivity.
The biography of Dennis Gabor
He acquired his degrees in electrical engineering in High
Technical School, Berlin (Diploma in 1924, Dr-Ing. in 1927).
Though electrical engineering remained his profession, his
work was almost always in applied physics.
His doctorate work was the development of one of the first high
speed cathode ray oscillographs.
In 1927 D. Gabor joined the Siemens & Halske AG where he
made his first successful inventions; the high pressure quartz
mercury lamp with superheated vapor and the molybdenum
tape seal, since used in millions of street lamps.
In 1933, when Hitler came to power, Gabor left Germany and
after a short period in Hungary went to England, where
obtained employment with the British Thomson-Houston Co.,
Rugby.
The biography of Dennis Gabor
The years after the war were the most fruitful. He wrote, among
many others, his first papers on communication theory,
developed a system of stereoscopic cinematography, and in
1948 carried out the basic experiments in holography, at that
time called "wavefront reconstruction". Then, until his
retirement in 1967, he improved Wilson chamber, developed
holographic microscope, a new electron-velocity spectroscope,
flat thin color television tube. Theoretical work included
communication theory, plasma theory, magnetron theory.
The biography of Dennis Gabor
In 1971 Dr. Dennis Gabor was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Physics for his discovery of holography in
1947.
But, in his own words –
“We had started 20 years too early. Only in
recent years have certain auxiliary techniques
developed to the point when electron
holography could become a success. On the
other hand, optical holography has become a
world success after the invention and
introduction of the laser”.
The history of holography
Gabor coined the term hologram from the Greek words holos,
meaning "whole," and gramma, meaning "message". The term
holography is from Greek words holos and grapho – “write”, that
means complete record of the image.
Gabor's holography was limited to film transparencies using a
mercury arc lamp as the light source. His holograms contained
distortions and an extraneous twin image.
Further development in the field was stymied during the next
decade because light sources available at the time were not
truly "coherent" (monochromatic or one-color, from a single
point, and of a single wavelength).
The history of holography
This barrier was overcome in 1960 with the invention of the
laser, whose pure, intense light was ideal for making holograms.
Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)
was invented by Nikolai Bassov, Alexander Prokhorov and
Charles Townes (all became in 1964 Noble Prize winners).
Nikolai Bassov
Alexander Prokhorov
Charles Townes
The history of holography
In 1962 Emmett Leith and Juris
Upatnieks of the University of
Michigan recognized from their
work in side-reading radar that
holography could be used as a 3D visual medium. In 1962 they
read Gabor's paper and "simply
out of curiosity" decided to
duplicate Gabor's technique using
the laser and an “off-axis
technique” borrowed from their
work in the development of sidereading radar. The result was the
first laser transmission hologram
of 3-D objects (a toy train and
bird).
The history of holography
Also in 1962 Dr. Yuri Denisyuk combined holography with 1908
Nobel Laureate Gabriel Lippmann's work in natural color
photography. Denisyuk's approach produced a white-light
reflection hologram which, for the first time, could be viewed in
light from an ordinary incandescent light bulb.
Russian scientist Yuri N. Denisyuk, State Optical Institute in
Leningrad, USSR, signing a copy of his book, Fundamentals of
Holography. (Photo by Dr. Stephen Benton, 1979)
The history of holography
In 1967, Larry Siebert of the Conductron Corporation used a
pulsed laser that he designed to make the first hologram of a
person. The Conductron Corporation (later acquired by
McDonnell Douglas Electronics Corporation) played an
important role in the early days of commercial display
holography.
The history of holography
A major advance in display holography occurred in
1968 when Dr. Stephen A. Benton invented whitelight transmission holography while researching
holographic television at Polaroid Research
Laboratories. This type of hologram can be viewed
in ordinary white light creating a "rainbow" image
from the seven colors which make up white light.
The history of holography
In 1972 Lloyd Cross developed the integral hologram by
combining white-light transmission holography with
conventional cinematography to produce moving 3dimensional images. Sequential frames of 2-D motion-picture
footage of a rotating subject are recorded on holographic film.
When viewed, the composite images are synthesized by the
human brain as a 3-D image.
Later, Cross founded
The Multiplex Company
that produced hundreds
of images using his
holographic stereogram
technique.
The history of holography
From 1975 - 1984, Rich Rallison (International
Dichromate Corp., Draper, UT) pioneered the
production of glass sandwich dichromate holograms
that were used as jewelry pendants, key chains, paper
weights, and other premium items.
Rich Rallison recalls
his experiences with
Steve Benton at the
Benton Vision
Symposium,
November, 2003.
The history of holography
In 1983 MasterCard International, Inc. became the first to use
hologram technology in bank card security.
Holography application
• A telephone credit card used in Europe has embossed
surface holograms which carry a monetary value. When the
card is inserted into the telephone, a card reader discerns the
amount due and deducts (erases) the appropriate amount to
cover the cost of the call.
• Supermarket scanners read the bar codes on merchandise
for the store's computer by using a holographic lens system to
direct laser light onto the product labels during checkout.
• Holography is used to depict the shock wave made by air
foils to locate the areas of highest stress. These holograms
are used to improve the design of aircraft wings and turbine
blades.
Holography application
• A holographic lens is used in an aircraft "heads-up
display" to allow a fighter pilot to see critical cockpit
instruments while looking straight ahead through the
windscreen. Similar systems are being researched by several
automobile manufactures.
• Researchers are developing the sub- systems of a
computerized holographic display.
• Holography is ideal for archival recording of valuables or
fragile museum artifacts.
• Optical computers, which use holograms as storage
material for data, could have a dramatic impact on the overall
holography market.
Holography application
• To better understand marine phytoplankton, researchers
have developed an undersea holographic camera that
generates in-line and off-axis holograms of the organisms. A
computer controlled stage moves either a video camera or a
microscope through the images, and the organisms can be
measured as they were in their undersea environment
• An interferogram (a sort of hologram) is a technique providing
a method of non-destructive analysis that determines
structural deformations in objects.
Holography application
• The using of ultrasound waves as main carriers of the
information creates opportunities for holography application in
a sound field visualization. This has a great practical
importance in:
- Undersea acoustics and hydrolocation;
- Defectoscopy;
- Medical diagnostics;
- Biological surveys
• The using of X-rays as main carriers of information creates
additional opportunities for holography method application in
biological, physical and chemical studies
Holography application
The using of γ –rays allows precise atomic and molecular
structural analysis:
(a)Holograms of a local
structure of crystallic Fe
(b) Estimated pictures of a
local structure of
crystallic Fe
Thank you!
SOURCES:
http://bsfp.media-security.ru/school2/10.htm
http://www.100top.ru/encyclopedia/article/?articleid=28743
http://www.holophile.com/history.htm
http://www.britannica.com/
http://www.litiholographics.com/technology/tech_producing.htm
http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/ENGINEERING/lasers/laser1.jpg
http://www.holo.com/holo/book/book1.html
http://www.hmt.com/holography/
http://www.art-in-holography.org/
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blholography.htm