Transcript Document

THE STORY OF PALAMPUR, AN IMAGINARY
VILLAGE, IS TO INTRODUCE SOME BASIC
CONCEPTS RELATING TO THE PRODUCTION AND
OTHER MAIN ACTIVITIES.
THE AIM OF PRODUCTION IS TO PRODUCE THE
GOODS AND SERVICES THAT WE WANT.
THERE ARE FOUR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION:
LAND, LABOUR, CAPITAL AND ORGANISATION.
LAND :THE FIRST REQUIREMENT IS LAND AND
OTHER NATURAL RESOURSES ARE WATER,
FORESTS, MINERALS etc.
LABOUR:LABOUR IS THE WORKING FORCE. THEY
ARE OF 2 TYPES. SKILLED WORKERS AND MANUAL
LABOURERS.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL: TOOLS,
MACHINES,BUILDINGS etc ARE CONSIDERED AS
FIXED CAPITAL. RAW MATERIALS AND MONEY
IN HAND ARE THE WORKING CAPITAL.
THE FORTH REQUIREMENT IS THE HUMAN
CAPITAL. EVERY PRODUCTION IS ORGANISED BY
COMBINING LAND, LABOUR, PHYSICAL
CAPITALAND HUMAN CAPITAL WHICH ARE KNOWN
AS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION.
WHEAT
1. LAND AREA UNDER CULTIVATION IS FIXED:
FARMING IS THE THE MAIN ACTIVITY.
75 % OF THE PEOPLE ARE ENGAGED
IN THAT ACTIVITY.
AFTER 1960, THER WAS NO EXPANSION OF LAND .
NO FURTHER SCOPE TO INCREASE
THE FARM PRODUCTION.
CAN WE GROW MORE FROM THE SAME LAND?
NO LAND IS LEFT IDLE IN PALAMPUR. ALL LAND
IS BROUGHT UNDER CULTIVATION. .DURING THE
RAINY SEASON FARMERS GROW JOWAR AND
BAJRA. DURING OCTOBER AND DECEMBER THEY
CULTIVATE POTATO.
IN THE WINTER SEASON WHEAT IS THE MAIN
CROP. THE SURPLUS WHEAT PRODUCED WILL BE
SOLD IN THE MARKET – RAIGANJ. SUGARCANE IS
ALSO CULTIVATED ONCE IN A YEAR.
THE WELL DEVELOPED SYSTEM OF
IRRIGATION ( ELECTRIC –RUN –TUBE WELLS)
IS HELPING THEM TO GROW THREE CROPS IN A
YEAR.
ONE WAY OF INCREASING PRODUCTION FROM
THE SAME LAND IS MULTIPLE CROPPING. THE
OTHER WAY S TO USE MODERN FARMING
METHODS. TRADITIONAL YIELDS REQUIRES LESS
IRRIGATION.
THE USE OF HYV’S ENSURE BETTER PRODUCTION
AND REQUIRE SMORE AMOUNT OF WATER AND
CHEMICAL FERTILISERS.
FARMERS ARE USING TUBE WELLS FOR
IRRIGATION , FARM MECHINERIES LIKE
TRACTORS, THRESHERS ETC.
YIELD OF WHEAT
(EARLIER)
1300 KGS PER HECTRE.
NOW
3200 KG.PER HECTRE.
WHEAT FIELDS
1. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
MULTIPLE CROPPING AND MODREN
FARMING METHODS?
2. WHAT KIND OF FARMING METHODS
DO THE FARMERS FOLLOW IN YOUR REGION?
WILL THE LAND SUSTAIN?
THE OVER USE OF SOIL LEADS TO LESS SOIL
FERTILITY.MORE USE OF GROUND WATER
HAS REDUCING THE WATER- TABLE. ONCE
DESTROYED , IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO RESTORE
THEM.
PRODUCTION OF PULSES AND WHEAT.
year
Production of pulses
Production of wheat
1965-66
10
10
1970-71
12
24
1980-81
11
36
1990-91
14
55
2000-01
11
70
HOW IS LAND DISTRIBUTED
BETWEEN THE FARMERS OF PALAMPUR.
IN PALAMPUR ONE THIRD OF THE 450 FAMILIES
ARE LAND LESS.( 150). OF THE REMAINING FAMILIES
WHO OWN LAND, 240 FAMILIES CULTIVATE SMALL
PLOTS.( LESS THAN 2 ACRES).
LARGE NUMBER OF SMALL PLOTS ARE SCATTERED
AROUND THE VILLAGE . THESE ARE CULTIVATED BY
SMALL FARMERS. 60 FAMILIES ARE OF MEDIUM AND
LARGE FARMERS CULTIVATE MORE THAN 2 ACRES. A
FEW LARGE FARMERS HAVE OVER 10 HECTRES OR
MORE.
LET’S DISCUSS:
WHY FARMERS
CULTIVATE SMALL PICE OF LAND?
LET’S DISCUSS: WOULD YOU AGREE THAT THE
DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED
LAND IS UNEQUAL IN PALAMPUR?
WHO WILL PROVIDE THE LABOUR?
LABOUR IS VERY NECESSARY IN PRODUCTION.
FARMING REQUIRES BIG DEAL OF HARD WORK.
SMALL FARMERS WORK ALONG WITH THEIR
FAMILIES. MEDIUM AND LARGE FARMERS HIRE
FARM LABOURERS TO WORK ON DAILY BASIS.
LABOURERS DO NOT HAVE A RIGHT OVER THE
CROPS GROWN. THEY ARE PAID WAGES IN CASH
OR IN KIND. WAGES VARY WIDELY TO REGIONS.
DURATION OF EMPLYMENT IS ALSO VARIES.
6. THE CAPITAL NEEDED IN FARMING.
ALL FARMING METHODS REQUIRE AGREAT DEAL
OF CAPITAL. SO THE FARMER NEEDS MORE MONEY.
THEY WILL BORROW MONEY FROM MONEY
LENDERS. LATER THEY ARE PUT TO GREAT
DISTRESS TO REPAY THE LOAN.
THE MEDIUM ANL LARGE FARMERS HAVE THEIR
OWN SAVINGS FROM FARMING. THEY ARE ABLE
TO ARRANGE THEIR CAPITAL.
7. SALE OF SURPLUS FARM PRODUCTS.
Small farmers have little surplus wheat because
Their total production is small. So the large and
medium producers supply wheat to the market
and gets good earnings. This savings is used for
lending to small farmers as working capital for
Farming. Thus they will be buying new tractors or
other required things with the surplus money.
ONLY 25 % OF THE PEOPLE OF PALAMPUR ARE
WORKING IN ACTIVITIES OTHER THAN
AGRICULTURE.
1. DAIRY _ FARMING: IS A COMMON ACTIVITY OF
MANY FAMILIES. THE SURPLUS MILK IS SOLD IN
THE NEARBY MARKET OF RAIGANJ.
2. SAMLL SCALE MANUFACTURING:
LESS THAN FIFTY PEOPLE ARE ENGAGED IN
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. THEY FOLLOW
VERY SIMPLE PRODUCTION METHODS AND
CARRIED OUT MOSTLY AT HOME WITH THE HELP
OF FAMILY MEMBERS. RARELY ARE LABOURERS
HIRED.
3. SHOP KEEPERS :
VERY LITTE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN EXCHANGE
OF GOODS IN PLAMPUR. THE TRADERS ARE SHOP
KEEPERS WHO BUY GOODS FROM ELSE WHERE.
THEY SELL A VIDE RANGE OF ITEMS.
4. TRANSPORT:
A FAST DEVELOPING SECTOR :
THERE ARE VARIETY OF VEHICLES ON THE ROAD
CONNECTING PALAMPUR TO RAIGANJ. RICKSAWS,
TONGAS, JEEP, TRACTOR, TRUCK ETC ARE USED BY
THE VILLAGERS. THEY FERRY PEPLE FROM ONE
PLACE TO ANOTHER.
•FARMING IS MAIN PRODUCTION ACTIVITY.
•MANY CHANGES IN FARMING ARE PRACTICED.
•THIS HELPED THEM TO PRODUCE MORE CROPS.
•THE LAND IS FIXED, BUT BUT THE PRESSURE IS MORE
•NEW FARMING NEED LESS LAND, BUT MORE CAPITAL
•80% OF THEM ARE SMALL FARMERS.
•THEY HAVE NO CAPITAL & LESS PRODUCTION.
•THEY HAVETO DO ADDITIONAL WORKS TO FEED
THEMSELVES.
•LABOUR IS ABUNDANT. BUT NOT FOLLOWING NEW
METHODS OF FARMING.SO MIGRATING.
•NON FARM SECTOR IS NOT LARGE.
•THE CAPITAL FOR THAT IS NOT AVAIALABLE.
NON FARM SECTOR IS NOT VERY LARGE
.24 /100 ARE ONLY ENGAGED IN THAT.
LACK OF CAPITAL IS THE PROBLEM.
THEY ARE DEPENDING UPON MONEY LENDERS.
LACK OF MARKET IS ANOTHER LIMITATION
FOR NON FARMING ACTIITIES.
THEY ARE DEPENDING ON OTHER PLACES
FOR MANY ITEMS.
IF THE VILLAGE CAN BE CONNECTED TO TOWNS
WITH GOOD ROADS, TRANSPORT, TELEPHONE,
IT I SPOSSIBLE THAT THE PRODUCTON OF
EVERY VILLAGE CAN BE INCREASED.
Wheat fields