Transcript Cooperative Multi-Agency Cleanup at French Frigate Shoals

Marine Debris in Hawaii
Capitol Hill Ocean Week
14 June 2006
Mary J. Donohue, Ph.D.
University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program
[email protected]
Outline
 The Problem
 Impacts
 Mitigation
 Science
 Challenges
 Recommendations
Marine Debris Movement
• Oceanic currents & atmospheric winds = North
Pacific Subtropical Gyre
• Subtropical Convergence Zone
(Kubota 1994, Ingraham and Ebbesmeyer 2001, Donohue et al. 2001, Timmers et al. 2005)
Marine Debris Impacts
 Degraded Aesthetics
 Navigational Hazard / Vessel Damage
 Wildlife Ingestion
 Wildlife Entanglement / Ghost Fishing
 Habitat Damage
 Alien Species Vector
Degraded Aesthetic Value
Images courtesy NOAA Fisheries
Navigational Hazard / Vessel Damage
Courtesy Environment Canada
Courtesy WESPAC
Courtesy WESPAC
Wildlife Ingestion
Harmful effects:
• Decreased food
consumption
• Intestinal
blockage
• Loss of nutrition
• Starvation
• Internal injury
• Death
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Courtesy UH Sea Grant
Wildlife Entanglement
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Ghost Fishing
• Commercial fish & shellfish
stocks = up to 30% of
landings (Laist 1996)
• 50% of CA derelict lobster
traps actively fishing (Gilardi,
Pers. Comm.)
• Ghost catch of octopus in
Kyushu, Japan = commercial
landing (200 - 500K animals)
(Matsuoka, Pers. Comm.)
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Habitat Damage
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Introduction of Alien Species
Invasive
sea anemone
found on net at
Pearl & Hermes
Atoll, 2000
(Zabin et al. 2004, Godwin, Pers. Comm.)
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Selected Hawaii
Marine Debris Projects
• Debris removal Waiohinu - Ka Lae Coast, Hawaii Island*
• Debris removal - main Hawaiian Islands*
• Honolulu port reception & recycling program*
• Get the Drift and Bag It Beach Cleanup** (TOC)
• Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Marine
Debris Removal*
*Funded by NOAA ORR Marine Debris Program
**The Ocean Conservancy annual beach cleanup
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Multi-Agency Marine Debris Cleanup
1998-2003
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Tow Survey
Net Removal
Net Analysis
On-loading
Courtesy NOAA
Fisheries Service
Net Haul
Kure Atoll
Survey tracks and debris
recovery locations
Courtesy National Ocean Service
Debris Recycling
*100 tons of derelict fishing net =
552 barrels of oil
323,019 KwH
43 homes/year
US $50,000
Schnitzer Steel Hawaii Corporation (formerly Hawaii Metals Recycling), City &
County of Honolulu, Covanta Energy; *Wigg, Pers. Comm.
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Science Informing Policy
NWHI Fishing Net Marine Debris,1998-2002
N = 3979
Trawl
2.3%
Other 2.9%
Misc. Line .95%
Trawl/Seine 83.6%
Monofilament Gillnet 5.2%
Multifilament Gillnet 3.2%
Longline 1.4%
(Boland and Donohue 2005, Donohue et al. 2001, Timmers and Donohue 2000, Donohue 2005)
Debris Analysis
Twisted Knotted
Twisted Knotless
Braided Knotted
Braided Knotless
Double Stranded
Multi-panel Trawl
Courtesy NOAA Fisheries Service
Debris Analysis – Monofilament Gill Net
35
30
20
# of Samples
15
Weight
10
N = 198
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
Percentage
25
80 – 140 mm Mesh Size
Salmon
Squid
Mesh Size
(Timmers and Donohue 2000)
Oceanography/Remote Sensing
(Donohue and Foley, in review)
Monk Seal Entanglements
1982-2004
1.0
25
Number
Rate
Entanglement rate
20
0.6
15
0.4
10
0.2
5
0.0
0
Number of entanglements
EL Niño
0.8
8283848586878889909192939495969798990001020304
Year
(Henderson 2001, Donohue and Foley, in review)
Biweekly marine debris deposition and El
Niño at French Frigate Shoals, 1990-2006
120
100
*
El Niño
Non-Event
La Niña
80
60
40
*
*P < 0.05
20
0
Plastic
Styrofoam
Rope
Glass
Metal
Rubber
Wood
(Morishige et al., Pers. Comm.)
Debris Accumulation
(Boland and Donohue, 2003)
Challenges
• Polluters transfer costs
• Economic and ecological costs
• International scope
• MARPOL Annex V
• Enforcement
Recommendations
• Expand international / industry participation
• Source identification
• Economic analyses of impacts
• Scientific studies of impacts
• Maintain removal efforts
• Expand recycling
• Expand outreach / education
Thank you
For additional information:
UH Sea Grant: www.soest.hawaii.edu/seagrant
Mary J. Donohue: [email protected]
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Multi-Agency Marine Debris Cleanup Partners
National Marine Fisheries Service
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve
Pacific Sea Grant College Programs
Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program
US Coast Guard
US Fish & Wildlife Service
Hawaii Metals Recycling/ Schnitzer Steel Hawaii Corporation
Horizon Waste Services, Inc.
City & County of Honolulu
US Navy
Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council
US State Department
Natural Resources Consultants, Inc.
Hawaii State DLNR
Hawaii Audubon Society
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
Hawaii Ocean Safety Team
The Ocean Conservancy
Ocean Futures Society
Hawaii State DBEDT
Covanta Energy
Any omissions unintended
References
Boland, R. and M.J. Donohue. 2003. Marine debris accumulation in the aquatic habitat
of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi: an impediment to
species recovery? Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(11):1385-1394.
Donohue, M.J., 2005. Eastern Pacific source of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands marine
debris supported by errant fish aggregating device. Marine Pollution Bulletin
50(6):886-888, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.05.003.
Donohue, M.J., 2003. How multi-agency partnerships can address large-scale pollution
problems: a Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(6):700-702. Invited
manuscript.
Donohue, M.J., R. Boland, C.M. Sramek, and G.A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict fishing gear
in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: diving surveys and debris removal at two
atolls confirms threat to coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin
42(12):1301-1312.
Donohue, M.J. and D. Foley. In review. Remote sensing links Hawaiian monk seal
conservation, pollution and El Niño. Marine Mammal Science.
Gilardi, K. Personal Communication.
Godwin, S. Personal Communication.
Henderson, J.R. 2001. A pre- and post-MARPOL Annex V summary of Hawaiian monk
seal entanglements and marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands 1982-1988. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(7):584-589.
References
Ingraham, W.J. Jr. and Ebbesmeyer, C.C. 2001. Surface current concentration of floating
marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean: 12-year OSCURS model experiments. In
Proceedings of the Internationl Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean
Environment, 2001. Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
Publication.
Kubota, M. 1994. A mechanism for the accumulation of floating marine debris north of
Hawaii. Journal of Physical Oceanography 24, 1059-1064.
Laist, D.W. 1997. Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in marine debris
including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records.
In Marine Debris Sources, Impacts, and Solutions, eds. J.M. Coe and D.B. Rogers.
Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. pp.99-139.
Matsuoka, Tatsuro. Personal Communication.
Morishige, C. Personal Communication.
Timmers, M.A., C.A. Kistner and M.J. Donohue. 2005. Marine debris of the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands: ghost net identification. University of Hawaii Sea Grant College
Program publication. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-AR-05-01.
References
Timmers, M and M. Donohue, 2003. Identifying putative fisheries from derelict fishing
gear recovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Congress on Marine
Science and Technology International, Sixth Regional Symposium PACON 2003:
Ocean Capital Year. Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Jun. 29 – Jul. 2, 2003
Wigg, H. Personal Communication.
Zabin, C.J., J.T. Carlton and L.S. Godwin, 2003. First report of the Asian sea anemone
Diadumene lineata from the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers,
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2003, Part 2: 54-58.