Transcript A Search for Order - Lawton High School
A Search for Order
Nixon to Carter Chapter 21
New Federalism
• Government had become too big and he believed the states should have more power.
• He believed that state government would do a better job of spending revenue collected.
Nixon and the South
• Tried to weaken the Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Urged slowdown in forced integration • Opposed the busing of students • Advanced Affirmative Action for blacks and women
Nixon continued
• Filled four vacant Supreme Court Justices seats • Expanded food stamp program • Increased payments to Social Security
Environment
•
Silent Spring
by Rachel Carson • Earth Day April 22, 1970 • Clean Air Act – regulate air pollution • Environment Protection Agency • Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
Nixon and Vietnam
• Said he would end the war if elected • Vietnamization – let South Vietnam control more of the fighting so our troops can come home • 540,00 (1969) to 24,000 (1972) troops • Secretly expanded the war and ordered bombings of Cambodia – to try to disrupt the supply lines of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. He also sent troops to Laos to destroy North Vietnamese army bases.
Nixon and Vietnam
• Anti War protests – Kent State (Ohio) and Jackson State College (Mississippi).
• Hundreds of colleges and universities shut down temporarily • ½ of Americans oppose the war
Protests move to Washington D.C.
“End to War”
• Peace talks stalled • Round the clock bombings of Hanoi and Haiphong December 1972 • In January 1973 North Vietnam, South Vietnam and US finally reached a settlement.
Cost of Vietnam war
• 600 American POWs • 300,000 wounded • 58,000 dead • 2,500 missing • $111 million = $738 million today
Détente
• Ease tensions with Cold War enemies • SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviets • Antiballistic Missile – ABM – defense system • Nixon visits Moscow and both sides agree to a slowdown
Foreign Policy
• Henry Kissinger – national security advisor then secretary of state • Believed that US should consider each foreign policy conflict from the standpoint of what is good for the US - Realpolitik
China
• • • •
US does not formally recognize government of the People’s Republic of China 1971 China sent a surprise invitation to the American table tennis team to play in a tournament February 1972 Nixon visits China China sent two pandas to US
Middle East
• •
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in 1973 US was nervous Soviets would jump into war
•
Soviets supported Egypt and Syria and US support Israel with supplies
•
Yom Kippur War
Oil Embargo
• Arabs countries agreed not to ship any oil to US • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC • US received 1/5 of oil from other countries in 1970 by 1973 it was up to 1/3 • Energy crisis
Oil embargo continued
• Long lines at gas stations • Gas prices rose sharply • Cost more to run machines in factories and to harvest crops • Price rose for products • Oil embargo lifted with shuttle diplomacy
Election of 1972
• Nixon wanted to win using any means necessary • “Plumbers” were to respond to “leaks” of secret information and investigate Nixon’s political enemies • Democratic National Committee was burglarized at the Watergate Hotel-office complex- to collect political strategies
Watergate
• Five people were arrested • Burglars had connections to Nixon • Reports Woodward and Bernstein continued to investigate the break in • Discovered that one of the burglars had received a check for $25,000 that was originally for Nixon’s re-election campaign
Nixon Wins re-election
• February 1973 7 men involved in the break in has been convicted or pleaded guilty • Americans began to question if Nixon knew about the break in and helped cover it up • Senate committee begins investigation on television
Vice-President
• Charged with Extortion, tax fraud, and conspiracy.
• Accepting bribes of more that $100,000 • Income tax evasion.
• October 10, 1973 resigned from office
TAPES
• Nixon had tape recorded all his conversation in his office • People were saying they had talked to Nixon about the Watergate cover up • Senate asked for tapes and Nixon refused • Executive privilege • Nixon wants the special prosecutor fired – two people quit
“I am not a Crook”
• Nixon delays release of tapes • When he does turn over the tapes 18 minutes has been erased • Impeachment and/or resignation • Impeachment on the basis of alleged obstruction of justice and failure to obey subpoenas
August 8,1974
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzXL7C0JQDM
President Ford?
Ford is the first president and vice president NEVER to be elected.
Pardons Nixon – wth?
Now Nixon can not be tried in court American outraged!
Vietnam Again?
• 1975 South Vietnam was about to fall to North Vietnam • Ford tried to send aid- Congress said no • He did manage to get 250,000 to flee – Fall of Saigon
President Carter
• Former peanut farmer from Plains, GA • Promised “I’ll never lie to you” • He was a Washington outsider • Pardons Americans who avoided the draft for Vietnam
Economy and Energy
• Inflation and unemployment HIGH • Wanted to ease dependence on foreign oil • Develop new energy supplies • Loosen government regulations of American oil
Energy continued
• Urged Americans to conserve fuel – carpool, turn down heat and turn Air conditioners up • US cars manufactures were offered incentives to build fuel-efficient cars • Solar and wind energy
Environment
• Doubled the size of national parks and wildlife refuges – 100 million acres in Alaska • Three Mile Island, PA • Love Canal, NY = birth defects
Foreign Policy
• Panama Canal returned 12-31-1999 • Recognized Communist People’s Republic of China • Camp David Accords 1978 “peace” in the Middle East between Israel and Egypt.
• SALT II
• • • •
Trouble Brewing
•
Afghanistan government was overthrown, they were pro-Communist 1978 Soviets invade in 1979 US blocks grain shipments to USSR Boycotts the 1980 Olympics in Moscow Secretly US sent weapons to Afghanistan fighters trying to overthrow the Communist government (Bin Laden connection)
More Trouble
• • • •
Iran had a revolution and overthrew shah in 1979.
The shah and US got along great but was brutal to his people Ayatollah Khomeini (Islamic) takes over US lets shah come here to get cancer treatment – this upset Iranians
Iranian Hostage Crisis
• May 4, 1979 American Embassy attacked in Tehran.
• 52 Americans were taken hostage • Failed military mission to rescue them – helicopter crashed killing 8 soldiers • 444 days in captivity
Effects of Iran hostages
• Gas prices rose due to lack of oil from Iran • Inflation soared • Economy struggling • Election of 1980 – Carter knew he was doomed
Historical events of the 1970s
A Conservative Era
Reagan and H.W. Bush Chapter 22
Reagan’s Views
• Lower taxes • Smaller government • Stronger military • Conservative moral values • “Family, Work, Neighborhood, Peace, and Freedom” his slogan
New Right
• Endorsed prayer in school • Teaching Bible-based account of human creation • Opposed abortion, gun control, homosexual rights, school busing to achieve desegregation, Equal Rights Amendment, affirmative action, and nuclear disarmament.
First Lady
• “Just Say No” antidrug campaign
Assassination Attempt 3-30-1981
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dc4TV nMdo4
Reaganomics
• Reduce taxes to stimulate economic growth • Cut the federal budget • Supply-side economics – invest in America, businesses would hire more workers and expand due to tax cuts • Budget deficit eliminated ? meaning government spent less than it received
Trickle-Down Economics
• Wealthy tax rates dropped from 70% to 28% • Wealthy have the businesses if they can expand they can put more people to work • Increase in military spending • Might increase America’s national debt • Vice-President Bush called it “voodoo” economics
Cold War and Reagan
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=do0x Egc6oA
Military Spending
• Pentagon budget in 1981 $150 Billion by 1985 up to $250 Billion • Spend mainly on nuclear weapons • USSR boycotts the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles • Strategic Defense Initiative = Star Wars shield
Gorbachev
• Intermediate- Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty 1988 – reduce nuclear arms. 2,500 were destroyed • Cold war not so cold anymore
Trouble in Latin America
• •
El Salvador – civil war – US supported new leader Duarte elected in 1984 Nicaragua – civil war – US cuts off aid at first then approved $20 million for the CIA to equip and train rebels, Contras, to overthrow government.
•
Congress banned the funding and Reagan suggested to his advisors to find a way to help the Contras.
Trouble in Lebanon
• Civil war - Muslims v Christians • US embassy had been attacked earlier • October 23, 1983, US Marines barracks were bombed by a suicide bomber driving a truck, killing 241 sleeping soldiers • First suicide terrorist attacks against the US
Grenada, Mr. Braveboy’s home
• Reagan send 5000 Marines to invade Grenada.
• US feared Communist were trying to take over the island • US lost 19 Marines as it took the island in 2 days
Iran-Contra Affair
• US approve weapon sales to Iran to attempt to release US hostages in Lebanon • US policy is not to negotiate with terrorists • The $ from Iran weapon sales then went to Nicaragua to fund the Contras • Congress investigated • Reagan admitted to authorizing the sales but denied knowing anything about $ going to Nicaragua
President George H. W. Bush
New Soviet Union?
• Gorbachev and glasnost “opening”. He held press interviews. Soviets could complain – price of food, empty store shelves, and sons dying in Afghanistan • Perestroika “restructuring” the Soviet Union • Elections took place in 1989 • Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan
Communist Collapses?
• Eastern Europe revolutions – Poland, Hungary opened boarded with Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania • Berlin Wall November 9, 1989
USSR no more
• Gorbachev and Boris Yelstin unite • 1990 Soviet republics began declaring their independence • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) cut stockpiles of long-range nuclear missiles • Yelstin now in charge of weak Country
China 1989
• • • Tiananmen Square, students protest government http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9 nXT8lSnPQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e kt3m_xlqU
Panama
• Colonel Manuel Noriega • Smuggling drugs to US – US indicted him in 1988 • Noriega declares war with US • Panama Canal at stake • Invasion occurs – arrest Noriega • Moved to Florida and convicted
Historical events of the 1980s
Persian Gulf War Operation Desert Storm
• Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait August 1990 • UN set deadline of January 15, 1991 for Iraq forces to withdrawal • January 16, 690,000 joint forces led by the US attacked – bombing raids • February 23 – ground forces attacked – lasted 5 days • 148 American died 500 total in joint forces • Iraqi lost 20,000 soldiers and 2,400 civilians
Court Cases
• •
New Jersey v T.L.O.(
1985) – schools have the right to search students belongings without being in violation of 4 th amendment.
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern PS v Casey
(1992) – a woman seeking an abortion was required to give informed consent, wait 24 hours, and minors had to have parental consent.
Into the 21
st
Century
Clinton and G.W.Bush
Chapter 23
President Clinton
• Wanted tax cuts for middle class – didn’t get actually increased taxes due to budget deficit • Low unemployment • Nationwide Health Care – defeated because people were afraid of major changes to they health care system.
Contract with American 1994
• Republican driven • Plans to balance the budget • Fight crime • Provide tax cuts for many Americans • Welfare reforms – Clinton wanted to limit the time people could receive benefits and required most recipients to find work within 2 years of getting benefits.
Oklahoma City Bombing
• April 19,1995 • Killing 168 people • American born terrorists – Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
Clinton’s Foreign Policy
• Somalia – Bush had sent forces to help the UN distribute food to victims of civil war.
• Mogadishu – October 1993, 18 Americans were killed and 84wounded in fighting that occurred.
• Because of this Clinton will not send forces to Rwanda to stop genocide in 1994
North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA
• United States, Mexico, and Canada becomes one large free trade zone.
• Bush had completed the negotiations before he left office and Clinton got it passed and signed it into treaty.
• People were scared it would hurt American jobs since Mexican good were cheaper
Scandal and Impeachment
• Whitewater – shady real estate loans • Sexual Harassment charge while governor of Arkansas, Paula Jones • He was impeached but not removed because they could not get a 2/3 majority in Senate
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KrtIaY DB7M • Monica Lewinsky
Historical events of the 1990s
Election of 2000
• • • •
Close election November 7 Florida was the deciding factor Recount all ballots by hand but not all over Bush v Gore 2000 – Supreme court ruled recount was unconstitutional December 12
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George W. Bush declared WINNER
President George W. Bush
• Economy in a recession – down turn • No Child Left Behind – standards and test students yearly • Reform Social Security – does not pass • Secretary of State - Condoleezza Rice
September 11, 2001
• 4 planes = 265 people killed • 19 hijackers • Pentagon = 125 people killed • World Trade Centers = 2,749 killed
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPHnad J-0hE
Osama bin Laden
• Numerous threats to US • 1993 World Trade Center bombing • Mogadishu attacks killing 18 soldiers • 1988 US embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania killing 224 • 2000
USS Cole
attack 17 died
Department of Homeland Security
• 22 government agencies • 180,000 employees • Color coded warning system • USA PATRIOT ACT – law enforcement agencies could collect information about suspected terrorists secretly
Hurricane Katrina August 2005
• Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi • New Orleans Floods when levees broke • Over 1,000 die • Hundreds of thousands lost homes and source of livelihood • Interrupted oil production – gas prices UP • Cost hundreds of billions of dollars
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPHnadJ 0hE6Qn7bpCsQ