Transcript Aerodynamics - Brown University

Procedures and Operations
9 March 2005
Traffic Patterns
 Tower-controlled airports
 Towers provide for orderly arrival and departure
to/from airports
 the tower will issue instructions for desired
flight path
 clearances must be received before takeoff or
landing
 No control tower
 Pilots self-announce position and intentions on a
common traffic frequency
 All traffic uses a “left” traffic pattern un
otherwise indicated
Traffic Patterns
 An organized method of arriving and departing
from airports
 Denoted either “left” or “right” by the direction
of the turns
 Left traffic
is standard
Traffic Patterns
 Airplanes land into the wind!
 Segmented circle indicates traffic pattern
direction and wind direction
 Wind cones, wind tees, and windsocks
indicate the direction of the wind. The
large end of the wind sock points into the
wind
Airport Markings
 Runway naming is determined by the approach
direction
 To find a runway number, round magnetic
heading to nearest ten and lop off a zero. If
the final approach course is 267°, the runway
will be runway 27. (All runway #s are 1-36)
 Runways have letters when there are two or
three parallel runways. In this case, they are
labeled L, R, C, for left, right and center.
Airport Markings
 Threshold – beginning of a runway available for
landing of aircraft.
 Those runways that do not have thresholds at the
beginning of the runway have displaced
thresholds.
 The area between the beginning of the runway and
the displaced threshold may be used for taxiing,
takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for landing.
 Closed runways will be marked by an “X” at either
end.
Land and Hold Short Operations
(LAHSO)
 Found at airports with a runway intersecting
another runway, taxiway, or other point
 Allows increased airport capacity
 Student pilots or those unfamiliar with LAHSO
should not accept a clearance
 PIC (duh) has final authority to accept or
decline any LAHSO clearance
 LAHSO distances available in the
Airport/Facilities Directory (A/FD)
 LAHSO clearances only issued when ceiling is
at least 1000 feet and 3 sm visibility
Airport Lighting
 At night – location of an airport can be
determined by a rotating beacon
 White and green – lighted land airport
 White and yellow – Lighted water airport
 Green yellow white – lighted heliport
 Military land airport – dual peaked white
then green
Airport Lighting
 Beacons are operated during daylight
hours if:
 Less than 1000 foot ceiling
 Visibility less than 3 miles
 Runway edge lights
 Outline runway at night/low vis.
 Radio control of lighting
 Available per the AF/D
 “Key the mike” 7, 5, or 3 times…
Visual Approach Slope Indicator
(VASI)
 Indicates your
relationship to the
glidepath
 Grim mnemonic:
 White over white:
“You’re out of sight”
 Red over white:
“you’re all right”
 Red over red:
“you’re dead!”
Other approach slope indicators
 Tricolor VASI (rare)
 Amber = too high
 Green = on path
 Red = Too low
 Pulsating VASI (rare)
 Pulsating white =
Above glide path
 Steady white = On
glide path
 Red/pulsating red =
below glide path
 Precision Approach
Path Indicator (PAPI)
 4 lights
 More white = higher
Surface Operations
 Don’t let the wind flip your airplane over.
 Expose the top of the
control surfaces to
the wind whenever
possible
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)
 Published every 56 days
 Contains all public use airports,
seaplane bases, and heliports
 Includes communications data,
navigational facilities, and special
notices and procedures
 Telegraphic – use the legend!
Fitness for Flight / Aeromedical
 Hypoxia – symptoms include:




Headache
Drowsiness
Euphoria
Vertigo
 14 CFR 91.211: O2 requirements

12,500-14,000 MSL:
 O2 must be used by flight crew for time in excess of 30
minutes in that range

>14,000 MSL:
 O2 used by flight crew always

>15,000 MSL:
 O2 provided to every occupant
Aeromedical Factors
 Hyperventilation
 Deficiency of carbon dioxide
 Caused by extra deep breathing due to
anxiety, tension, fear
 Overcome by:
 Breathing into a bag
 Talking out loud
 Consciously slowing breathing rate
Aeromedical Factors
 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
 CO: colorless, odorless, tasteless
 Symptoms:
 Headache
 Drowsiness
 Dizziness
 Susceptibility increases with altitude
 Think you have CO poisoning?
 Turn off heater!
 Open air vents!
 Don’t die.
Aeromedical Factors
 Spatial Disorientation
 Caused by:




Complex motions/apparent motions
Vestibular disorientation…
Visual scenes
“Seat of the pants” inherently unreliable
 Overcome by:
 Rely on your flight instruments!
 Ignore sensory input.
Aeronautical Decision Making
(ADM)
 Systematic method for determining
whether an individual is fit to fly for a
particular flight and to help a flight be
completed/continued safely
Aeronautical Decision Making
(ADM)
 Five hazardous attitudes / antidotes
 Antiauthority
 “Follow the rules, they are usually right.”
 Impulsivity
 “Not so fast. Think first.”
 Invulnerability
 “It could happen to me.”
 Machismo
 “Taking chances is foolish.”
 Resignation
 “I can make a difference.”
Compass Errors
 Variation
 Deviation
 Magnetic Dip
Dip errors
 Magnetic dip:
 When turning north from an easterly or westerly
heading, the compass lags behind the actual
aircraft heading. When a turn is initiated while
on a northerly heading, the compass first
indicates a turn in the opposite direction.
 When turning south from an easterly or westerly
heading, the compass leads the actual heading.
When a turn is initiated on a southerly heading,
the compass immediately leads ahead.
 Mnemonic: UNOS – undershoot north,
overshoot south
Dip errors continued
 Accelerating or decelerating while heading
either east or west will also cause compass
errors.
 When accelerating on an east or west heading,
the compass indicates a turn to the north.
 When decelerating on an east or west heading,
the compass indicates a turn to the south.
 Mnemonic: ANDS – accelerate north,
decelerate south.
 Compass accurate only in S&L, unaccelerated
flight.
Variation Errors
 Magnetic poles do not coincide with geographic
poles.
 Most places on Earth, the
compass needle does not
point to True North. Angular
differences between
magnetic north and true
north are called variations
and are displayed on
aeronautical charts.
Deviation Errors
 The metal, electrical systems, and
operating engine all create magnetic
fields from the aircraft.
 Aircraft manufacturers install
compensatory magnets to prevent
most errors. Remaining errors are
called deviation.
 A card in the aircraft will list the
deviation at various different compass
points.
Next Week…
-
Regulations
-
(FAR/AIM & Test Prep)