Transcript Document

NANOTECHNOLOGY:
ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE
A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
MEHMET BAYINDIR
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
UNAM-NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER
INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND NANOTEHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
BILKENT UNIVERSITY, ANKARA, TURKEY
7/22/2015
WIEF FORUM, KUALA LUMPUR / MALAYSIA
Google search: UNAM
OUTLINE
 NANOTECHNOLOGY: DEFINITION, EXAMPLES FROM NATURE,
REVOLUTION VS EVOLUTION, BEAUTY OF SMALL, SUSTAINLIBILITY,
IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS), CURRENT TRENDS AND
FUTURE OUTLOOK, CHALLENGES
 NANOTECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT: TIMING IS CRITICAL, BASIC
RESEARCH, INFRASTRUCTURES AND FUNDING, IP MANAGEMENT,
VECTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT,
ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE
 MUSLIM WORLD AT A CROSSROAD: NANOTECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH IN OIC COUNTRIES, PROPOSALS FOR ENHANCING THE
NETWORKING
 TURKEY’S PERSFECTIVE (UNAM): FIRST NATIONAL CENTER,
USER FACILITY, INTERDISIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAMS, CREATING
ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION, RESEARCH OUTPUT, FROM
LABORATORY INTO MARKET
7/22/2015
2
NANOTECHNOLOGY
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES FROM NATURE
REVOLUTION VS EVOLUTION
BEAUTY OF SMALL
SUSTAINLIBILITY
IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS)
CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
CHALLENGES
NANOTECHNOLOGY: DEFINITION
NANOTECHNOLOGY INVOLVES THE DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION,
PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF STRUCTURES, DEVICES AND
SYSTEMS BY CONTROLLING SHAPE AND SIZE AT NANOMETRE
SCALE (1-100 NM)
DNA ORIGAMI
7/22/2015
NANOFIBERS
4
FROM NATURE: PEACOCK FEATHERS
NANOPHOTONIC CRYSTALS
7/22/2015
5
ULTRA‐STICKY FEET
FROM NATURE: GEOKO
 NUMBER OF SPATULA IN A FOOT ~1 BILLION
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCE IS RESPOSIBLE
FOR THE STRONG BINDING WITH SURFACES
 A GECKO CAN LIFT 130 KG WEIGTH
SPATULA
7/22/2015
6
TECHNICAL REVOLUTIONS
GEO
REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
IT
REVOLUTION
NANO
REVOLUTION
1492
1769
1947
1979
KILOMETER
MILLIMETER
MICROMETER
NANOMETER
EXPLORE
THE WORLD
PHYSICAL
TASKS
SIMPLE
MENTAL TASKS
COMPLEX
MENTAL TASKS
MICROELECTRONICS
MICROMECHANICS
NANOELECTRONICS
NANOMECHANICS
NANOCHEMISTRY
NANOBIOLOGY
SCALE
AIM
INFLUENCE
MECHANICS
ELECTRICITY
TIME
NANOTECHNOLOGY CAN NOT BE JUST AN EXTENSION FROM THE MICRO- TO THE NANO-METER
SCALE, IT HAS TO OFFER FUNDEMENTALLY NEW PROSPECTS IN ORDER TO SPARK A REVOLUTION
7/22/2015
MODIFIED FROM 1986 NOBEL LAUREATE DR. HENRY ROHRER’S TALK (UNAM, 2010)
7
NATURE IS THE PERFECT NANO-SYSTEM
NANO IS THE SCALE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES AND
RULES LIVING NATURE
[ MICRO RULES TODAY’S TECHNICAL WORLD ]
NATURE IS THE PERFECT NANO-SYSTEM
THE FUNDAMENTAL SHAPES, MOTIONS,
PROCESSES HAPPEN TO BE ON THE NM SCALE AND
ARE SYNTHEZISED TO MICRO- AND MACRO-
SHAPES, MOTIONS, PROCESSES
THE TECHNICAL STRATEGY OF LIVING NATURE IS
SENSE & ACTUATE {SMALL BY SMALL}
{WEAK BY WEAK} {MANY BY MANY}
7/22/2015
MODIFIED FROM 1986 NOBEL LAUREATE DR. HENRY ROHRER’S TALK (UNAM, 2010)
8
NANO: BEAUTY OF SMALL
SMALL IS POWERFUL
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
SMALL IS SUSTAINABLE
LITTLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
LITTLE BUT BEST SUITED MATERIAL
SMALL FOR EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE
SMALLER, FASTER, CHEAPER
SMALL IS SO BEAUTIFUL
SMALL RULES LARGE
7/22/2015
MODIFIED FROM 1986 NOBEL LAUREATE DR. HENRY ROHRER’S TALK (UNAM, 2010)
9
IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS)
IS POPULATION GROWTH SUSTAINABLE?
IS AGING SUSTAINABLE?
HOW WE MANAGE ETHICAL PROBLEMS?
?
7/22/2015
COST FOR A NEWBORN
GENOME SEQUENCING
1990
3,000,000,000 (USD)
2001
500,000,000
2007
1,000,000
2009
100,000
2014
1,000
RETIRED
GENERATION
WE NEED SUSTAINABLE BIO-ECONOMY
BUT HOW? THEN NOT SO EASY QUESTIONS:
YEAR
WORKING
GENERATION
THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTO
NANOPORE-BASED SENSORS IS TO BE ABLE
TO SEQUENCE THE HUMAN GENOME FOR
UNDER $1,000. ASSUME THAT WE WILL
DEVELOP THIS TECHNOLOGY IN YEAR 2014.
WHAT’S NEXT?
10
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: INVESTMENTS
FAC T S
Total funding for nanotechnology (from all sources, including
government, corporate R&D, and venture capital), plotted by year
7/22/2015







62 COUNTRIES HAVE NANOTECHNOGY PROGRAMS
NUMBERS OF NANOCENTERS EXCEEDS 310 IN THE WORLD
TOTAL INVESTMENT IN THE WORLD: 18 BILLION USD / YEAR 2008
GROWTH RATE: 17% (USA), 27% (REST OF THE WORLD)
ASIA IN THE LEAD SINCE 2006
5.9 B$=1.9B$ (FEDERAL) +2.7B$ (CORPORATE R&D)+1B$ (VENTURE CAP.)
TOTAL INVESTMENT IN TURKEY: ~45 MILLION USD (2006-2010)
11
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: PUBLICATIONS
FAC T S
Total number of nanotechnology publications appearing in the
Science Citation Index by year
7/22/2015
 The number of nanotechnology papers has grown from about 8,000 in 1991 to
about 87,000 in 2009
 27 nations in European Union (EU27) leads in number of publications
 China’s share of publications in leading journals is increasing at about the same
rate as the United States’ share is decreasing
 China still lags behind the United States and Europe in publication quality (impact)
12
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: PUBLICATIONS
Percentage of nanotechnology publications in year 2010
Country
Singapore
China
South Korea
Iran
India
Taiwan
Russia
Japan
EU-27
USA
Turkey
England
Total # of papers
9324
131742
40515
16072
40748
24476
23662
77544
475745
404226
22558
97784
Nano papers
1530
20186
5278
1892
4682
2778
2306
6556
24932
18472
876
3576
Percentage (%)
16.4
15.3
13.0
11.8
11.5
11.3
9.7
8.5
5.2
4.6
3.9
3.7
ASIA’S HEAVY INVESTMENT RESULTS IN COMPARABLE
HIGH NANOTECHNOLOGY OUTPUTS.
7/22/2015
13
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: PATENTS
Patent activity is a key metric of technology creation
FAC T S
Source: Kisliuk B, USTPO, unpublished study on comparative
patent filings, January 2010
7/22/2015
 Patent filing activity in China rose sharply during the period 2000-2004 and
overtook the United States during 2005-2008
 China’s patent trends, combined with its expected future economic growth, could
afford it widespread nanotechnology protection in one of the world’s largest
markets in coming decades
14
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
 Nanotechnology market is growing
An estimated $224 billion worth of final products sold worldwide made some
use of nanotechnology components in 2009, up from $135 billion in 2007.
 Nanotechnology final products
55% was from the materials and manufacturing industry sector, including
products such as automobiles, industrial equipment, and building and
construction. These products made use of nanotechnology-based
components such as coatings, composites, and electronic components.
32% of the final products were from the electronics and information
technology sector, and included items such as mobile devices with displays
and antimicrobial coatings enhanced with nanotechnology.
12% of nanotechnology-based products were in the healthcare and life
sciences sector, primarily from nano-enabled drug delivery systems
1% of nanotechnology-based products came from the energy and
environmental sector and included items such as nano-enabled filtration
membranes or batteries.
7/22/2015
15
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
 Signature initiatives that would drive the next 10 years
• Nanomedicine (e.g., imaging, diagnostics and therapeutics; antibiotics; gene
regulation);
• Energy storage, generation, and conversion;
• Environmental diagnostics and cleanup;
• Structural and multi-functional nanocomposites;
• Homeland security (e.g., chemical and biological detection and monitoring);
• Manufacturing nanotechnology-based products.
 Rapid growth of number of nanotechnology-based products and
companies
 Explosive growth in energy and environmental applications of
nanotechnology
In 2008, this sector accounted for 29 percent of all nanotechnology funding by
the Federal Government, 14 percent of all corporate nanotechnology funding,
41 percent of venture capital funding, 21 percent of nanotechnology
publications, and 59 percent of all nanotechnology patents
7/22/2015
16
CHALLENGES
 THE CENTRAL CHALLENGE OF NANOSCALE MATERIAL
SCIENCE: GROWTH & FABRICATION OF GIVEN STRUCTURES
OR COMPONENTS AT GIVEN LOCATIONS FOR GIVEN
FUNCTIONS
 NANO- INTERFACE: INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT
 CONNECTING NANOSTRUCTURE TO MACRO & MICRO SCALE
COMPONENTS

NANO RESEARCH STILL REQUIRES EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF NANOPRODUCTS

SUSTAINABLE FUNDING: RAPID COMMERCIALIZATION FOR CONTINOUS
FEDERAL AND VENTURE CAPITAL SUPPORTS

NANOMETROLOGY: DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST, RELIABLE
INSTRUMENTS

7/22/2015
STANDARDIZATION
17
NANOTECHNOLOGY
INVESTMENT
TIMING IS CRITICAL
TARGETED BASIC RESEARCH
INFRASTRUCTURES AND FUNDING
IP MANAGEMENT
VECTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE
A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
EARLY INVESTMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AS A REVOLUTIONARY
RESEARCH AREA IS AN OPTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
FOR A COUNTRY
TARGETED BASIC
RESEARCH
CONSTRUCTING
INFRASTRUCTURES
RESEARCHERS
ENGINEERS
TECHNICIANS
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
MANAGEMENT
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
BETTER FUTURE
INTERNATIONAL
NETWORKING
VENTURE
CAPITAL
SUPPORT
INTERDISCIPLINARY
BEHAVIOUR
ETHICAL
ISSUES
SUSTAINABLE
FUNDING
PUBLIC
ENGAGEMENT
7/22/2015
19
MUSLIM WORLD
AT A CROSSROAD
NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN OIC COUNTRIES
PROPOSALS FOR ENHANCING THE NETWORKING
TRENDS IN OIC COUNTRIES
TURKEY
IRAN
S. ARABIA
NUMBER OF PAPERS: 1665
IMPACT: H-INDEX=45
CITATION/PAPER=7.6
NUMBER OF PAPERS: 5487
IMPACT: H-INDEX=40
CITATION/PAPER=2.7
NUMBER OF PAPERS: 602
IMPACT: H-INDEX=18
CITATION/PAPER=2.6
NANOPHOTONICS
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
ENERGY STORAGE
NANOMATERIALS (3)
NANOSCALE SENSOR
NANOCATALYSTS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
NANOPARTICLES (5)
NANOFIBERS
NANOFLUIDS (2)
NANOTUBES (2)
NANOPARTICLES (5)
NANOFILTRATION (2)
NANOCRYSTALS
BIO SENSOR
NANOCATALYSTS
NANOMATERIALS
FOCUS
NANOMATERIALS
FOCUS
DIVERSE FIELDS
GOVERNMENTS SUPPORT DRIVES NANOTECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH OUTPUTS IN LEADING OIC COUNTRIES
7/22/2015
SINGAPORE
NUMBER OF PAPERS: 5493
IMPACT: H-INDEX=114
CITATION/PAPER=15.0
21
PROPOSAL 1
ESTABLISHING A WORLD-CLASS NANOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
 GRADUATE PROGRAMS: RAISING OUR FUTURE NANOSCIENTISTS
 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) OFFICE
 START-UP COMPANIES: VENTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT
 ENHANCESING COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES
BUDGET: 30 MILLION USD FOR INFOSTRUCTURE
100 MILLION USD FOR EQUIPMENTS
10-20 MILLION USD FOR YEARLY RUNNING COST
HUMAN RESOURCES: 1,000 PHD STUDENTS
200 POST-DOCS
500 RESEARCHERS (200+300)
100 HIGH-TECH COMPANIES
7/22/2015
22
PROPOSAL 2
LONG-TERM SCIENTIST EXCHANGE BETWEEN EXISTING
NANOCENTERS
 12-24 MONTHS
 TARGETED RESEARCH AREAS
 FINANCIAL SUPPORT (SALARY, RESEARCH GRANTS, EQUIPMENT
USAGE FEE)
 UNAM CAN HOST 20-30 SCIENTISTS/YEAR
BUDGET: 50,000-100,000 USD / PER PERSON
7/22/2015
23
PROPOSAL 3
SHARING EXPERTISE BETWEEN THE EXISTING NANOCENTERS
 TRAINING OF TECHNICIAN (TEM, FIB, SEM, XPS, AFM, …)
 CLEAN ROOM TRAINING
 4-6 WEEKS SHORT VISITS
 FOCUSED WORKSHOPS FOR TECHNICIANS
BUDGET: 5,000-10,000 USD / PER PERSON
7/22/2015
24
PROPOSAL 4
NANOTECHNOLOGY COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECTS
 AT LEAST 3 DIFFERENT OIC MEMBERS SHOULD PARTICIPATE
 TARGETED RESEARCH FIELDS
 PARTIALY SUPPORTED BY HIGH-TECH COMPANIES
 EU FP7 FRAMEWORK HAS SIMILAR PROJECTS
BUDGET: 1,000,000-5,000,000 USD / PER PROJECT
7/22/2015
25
PROPOSAL 5
SUPPORTING INDIVIDUAL SCIENTIST TO USE EXISTING
NANOCENTERS
 SHORT TERM VISITS (1-2 WEEKS)
 PHD STUDENTS, RESEARCHERS
 TRAVEL , ACCOMMODATION, CONSUMABLE, NANOCENTER
USAGE FEE
BUDGET: 5,000-10,000 USD / PER PERSON
7/22/2015
26
TURKEY’S PERSFECTIVE
UNAM
FIRST NATIONAL CENTER
USER FACILITY
INTERDISIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAMS
CREATING ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION
RESEARCH OUTPUT
FROM LABORATORY INTO MARKET
FIRST NATIONAL CENTER
NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER
7/22/2015
 History: 2006 - 2010
 Total laboratory and office space: 9000 m2
 Number of laboratories: 62
 Number of researchers: +250 (600, in 3 years)
 Total investment: 50 Million $
 Number of users: +450 (Universities, Industry, International)
28
INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY EDUCATION: MS & PHD PROGRAMS
RAISING OUR FUTURE NANOTECHNOLOGY EXPERTS
~100 Graduate Students (400 in 3 years)
7/22/2015
29
UNAM LABORATORIES
5. FLOOR
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
4. FLOOR
NANOCHEMISTRY
3. FLOOR
NANOMATERIALS
2. FLOOR
NANO-OPTICS, -PHOTONICS, -ELECTRONICS
1. FLOOR
LASER AND SPECTROSCOPY
GROUND LEVEL
BASEMENT LEVEL
7/22/2015
CLEANROOM: MICRO- & NANO-FABRICATION
IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION
30
UNAM LABORATORIES
STATE-OF-THE-ART EQUIPMENTS INVENTORY
WORLD-CLASS EXPERTS
+150 Equipments
7/22/2015
31
UNAM LABORATORIES
62 LABORATORIES INCLUDING NANOMATERIALS, FUNCTIONAL
TEXTILE, MEMS/NEMS SENSORS, MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY,
PHOTOVOLTAICS
Nanochemisty
Nanobiotechnology
7/22/2015
32
IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION
SEM
TEM
E-BEAM
DUAL-BEAM
7/22/2015
33
IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION
NMR
XPS
MICROTOME
AFM
7/22/2015
34
IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION
MRD
AFM
MPD
7/22/2015
SNOM
35
UNAM CLEANROOM
400 m2, 10, 100 & 1000 CLASSES
7/22/2015
36
UNAM CLEANROOM: FLOOR PLAN
21 Bench IV
22 Critical P. D.
23 Dicing saw
24 Organic evap.
25 Semiconductor P. A.
7/22/2015
26 MOCVD
27 Optical microscope
28 Stylus profilometer
29 Optical profilometer
30 Network analyzer
31 Probe station I
32 Probe station II
33 E-Beam writer
34 SEM
1 Mask writer
2 Furnaces
3 Mask aligner I
4 Mask aligner II
5 Bench I
6 ALD I
7 ALD II
8 LPCVD
9 RTA
10 ICP I
11 ICP II
12 Asher
13 Workstation I
14 Workstation I
15 PECVD
16 Sputtering
17 E-beam
18 Thermal Evap.
19 Bench II
20 Bench III
37
UNAM IN 2015?
 INFRASTRUCTURE:

INVESTMENT OVER 100 MILLION USD

70 LABORATORIES WITH 300 EQUIPMENTS
 WORKFORCE:

100 RESEARCHERS

400 GRADUATE STUDENTS

50 ENGINEERS AND TECHNICIANS

10 STAFF

50 USERS (DAILY)
 USER FACILITY:

TOTAL NUMBER OF USERS FROM TURKEY: 1000

TOTAL NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL USERS: 250
 RESEARCH OUTPUT:

70 MILLION USD NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GRANTS (YEARLY)

400 PUBLICATIONS PER YEAR IN LEADING SCI JOURNALS

50 PATENT APPLICATIONS PER YEAR

30 START-UP COMPANIES
7/22/2015
38
ESTABLISHING NATIONAL CENTER CONCEPT IN TURKEY
CUTTING EDGE BASIC RESEARH
[ MANPOWER, INFRASTRUCTURE, FUNDING ]
TRANSFER RESEARCH
OUTPUT INTO MARKET
[ SART-UP COMPANIES,
IP MANAGENENT,
CONSULTING,
INDUSTRY PROJECTS ]
RAISING FUTURE
NANOSCIENTISTS AND
ENGINEERS
[ GRADUATE PROGRAMS,
WORKSHOPS ]
USER FACILITY (365/24 )
[ ENGINEERS, ACADEMIC SUPPORT,
TRAINING ]
7/22/2015
39
IMPACT: PUBLICATIONS IN HIGH-QUALITY JOURNALS
7/22/2015
PERCENTAGE (%)
JOURNAL
IMPACT FACTOR
(5 YEARS)
# OF PUBLICATIONS IN 2011 / TOTAL # OF
PUBLICATIONS IN PAST
NATURE MATERIALS
NANO LETTERS
ANGEWANTE CHEMIE
ADVANCED MATERIALS
ACS NANO
LAB ON A CHIP
NANOSCALE
33.4
12.8
12.1
11.3
10.0
6.9
4.1
100
67
50
25
80
50
100
40
A NEW NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUE
BAYINDIR RESEARCH GROUP
7/22/2015
41
NANOWIRES WITHOUT END
ULTIMATE SIZE REDUCTION
KILOMETER-LONG NANOSTRUCTURES
A NEW TOP-TO-BOTTOM SCHEME IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
7/22/2015
42
CREATING FAVORABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION
UNAM CASE
TARGETED RESEARCH AREAS
FUNDING
GOVERNMENT
INDUSTRY
EUROPEAN
UNION
NANOTECHNOLOGY
BASIC RESEARCH
GRADUATE
PROGRAMS
FUNDING
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
START-UP COMPANIES
LARGE-SCALE COMPANIES
7/22/2015
VENTURE
CAPITAL
GOVERNMENT
SUPPORT
43
UNAM-ORIGINATED START-UP COMPANIES
FROM LABORATORY TO MARKET WITHIN 2 YEARS
7/22/2015
44
OUTLINE
 NANOTECHNOLOGY: DEFINITION, EXAMPLES FROM NATURE,
REVOLUTION VS EVOLUTION, BEAUTY OF SMALL, SUSTAINLIBILITY,
IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS), CURRENT TRENDS AND
FUTURE OUTLOOK, CHALLENGES
 NANOTECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT: TIMING IS CRITICAL, BASIC
RESEARCH, INFRASTRUCTURES AND FUNDING, IP MANAGEMENT,
VECTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT,
ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE
 MUSLIM WORLD AT A CROSSROAD: NANOTECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH IN OIC COUNTRIES, PROPOSALS FOR ENHANCING THE
NETWORKING
 TURKEY’S PERSFECTIVE (UNAM): FIRST NATIONAL CENTER,
USER FACILITY, INTERDISIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAMS, CREATING
ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION, RESEARCH OUTPUT, FROM
LABORATORY INTO MARKET
7/22/2015
45
PEPTIDE NANOFIBERS
Heparin Mimetic Peptide Nanofibers Promote Angiogenesis
Peptitde
nanofibers
promote faster
wound healing
at in vivo model
In vivo angiogenesis was promoted by
Biomimetic peptide nanofibers
50 nm
R. Mammadov, B. Mammadov, S. Toksoz, B. Aydin, R. Yagci, A. B. Tekinay, and M. O. Guler, “Heparin Mimetic Peptide
Nanofibers Promote Angiogenesis”, 2011, Biomacromolecules, DOI: 10.1021/bm200957s.
7/22/2015
46