Transcript Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment
Cradle to Grave Analysis
What is a Life Cycle Assessment?
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
– Life Cycle Analysis
– “Cradle to Grave”
• Comprehensive accounting of a products
“flows” to and from the environment
– Qualitative vs. Quantitative
– As simple or as complex as desired
• Uses of LCA
– “Greeness” of a product or process
– Comparisons of technology
– Feasibility
• Value of LCA’s for Scientific Inquiry
– Bridges science, individual and corporate
responsibility, planning and thinking, recycling and
for some reason students love it…
Stages of an LCA
Stages of an LCA
It’s not a Cycle!!!
Recycling
Environmental Impact throughout
Lifecycle
• Inputs
– Energy
– Raw
materials
• Outputs
– Emissions to
air
– Emissions to
water
– Solid waste
• Health &
Safety
Example: Automobile
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/345.pdf
Example: EtOH
Example: Plastics
brine
NaOH
Brine
electrolysis
-
Cl2
H2
methanol
p-xylene
separation
toluene
xylenes
HCl
production
-
Crude oil
extraction
-
crude oil
to page 2
pentane
pygas
Oil
refining
to page 1
ethylene
pipeline propylene
propylene
H2
Steam
reforming
-
Dehydrogenation
-
Natural gas
extraction
-
Cracking
natural gas
-
Page 3
ammonia
syngas
butenes
naphtha
reformer hydrogen
natural gas
H2
butadiene
Catalytic
reforming
-
HCl
ammonia
Ammonia
production
-
CO
Methanol
production
-
pipeline ethylene
benzene
carbon monoxide
Acetic acid
production
-
Hydrogenation
p-xylene
acetic acid
methanol
butadiene
ethylene
cyclohexane
propylene
cracker hydrogen
benzene
p-xylene
toluene
pentane
hydrogen chloride
Brine
purification
-
electrolytic hydrogen
Brine
extraction
-
chlorine
to
page
4
Natural gas
processing
to page 4
Example: Plastics
Acrylonitrile
production
HCN
production
-
ethylene oxide
styrene
ethylene glycol
Aniline
production
-
propylene oxide
Nitrobenzene
production
-
phenol
-
aniline
acetone
nitric acid
acrylonitrile
Oxidation
acetone cyanohydrin
hydrogen
benzene
ammonia
to
page
5
propylene
natural gas
ethylene
from
page
3
ethylene
Ethylene oxide
production
ethylene oxide
acrylonitrile
Ethylene glycol
production
-
acetone cyanohydrin
HCN
Acetone
cyanohydrin
production
-
Polymerisation
for LDPE
LDPE resin
propylene
Propylene
polymerisation
PP resin
Blow
moulding
-
Oriented film
extrusion
-
LDPE bottles
OPP film
Film
extrusion
-
Injection
moulding
-
LDPE film
PP mouldings
ethylene glycol
HDPE pipe
Cumene
production
Ethylbenzene
production
-
cumene
Catalytic
rearrangement
-
ethylbenzene
Propylene oxide
production
to page 3
to page 1
acetone
Styrene
production
-
phenol
styrene
Pipe
extrusion
HDPE bottles
Blow
moulding
-
HDPE
resin
Polymerisation Polymerisation
for LLDPE
for HDPE
-
propylene oxide
LLDPE resin
Page 4
to page 5
Example: Plastics
to
page
7
Butadiene
polymerisation
-
acrylonitrile
hydrogen
acrylonitrile
ABS graft
copolymer
production
-
Adiponitrile
production
-
cyclohexane
ammonia
styrene
butadiene
Polymerisation
for EPS
-
butadiene
natural gas
pentane
nitric acid
styrene
from
page
5
Cyclohexanol
production
-
EPS
Thermoforming
polybutadiene
adiponitrile
ABS
polymerisation
-
Hexamethylene
diamine
production
-
ABS mass
polymerisation
-
PS trays
Polymerisation
for HIPS
Polymerisation
for GPPS
-
GPPS
SAN
production
-
Nylon 66
salt prod’n
-
-
ABS
SAN
Adipic acid
production
-
Hexamethylene
diamine
production
-
adipic acid
Compounding
HIPS
cyclohexanol
Nylon 66
Production
-
glass fibre
nylon 66 salt
Compounding
nylon 66
glass filled nylon 66
Page 6
to page 5
to page 1
to page 7
Example: Plastics
from
page
6
Allyl chloride
production
-
Bisphenol-A
production
-
Phosgene
production
-
TDI
nitric acid
toluene
hydrogen
MDI
aniline
methanol
chlorine
carbon
monoxide
phenol
acetone
propylene
chlorine
to
page
8
Dinitrotoluene
production
-
Formaldehyde
production
-
dinitrotoluene
allyl chloride
bisphenol-A
Epichlorohydrin
production
-
Liquid epoxy
resin prod’n
-
formaldehye
phosgene
TDA
production
-
MDA
production
-
Polycarbonate
production
-
TDA
epichlorohydrin
On-site steam
generation
-
liquid epoxy resin
to page 6
to page 1
MDI
production
-
steam
On-site electricity
generation
-
MDA
polycarbonate
TDI
production
MDI
TDI
electricity
Page 7
to page 8
Example: Plastics
Oxidation
Hydrogenation
-
-
Glycerol
production
-
Polyurethane
rigid foam
production
glycerol
polyols
glass filled nylon 6
Compounding
Saponification
-
-
Sucrose
production
-
Animal fat
production
-
Sugar
production
-
oxime
Caprolactam
production
-
to page 7
nylon 6
glass fibre
Nylon 6
production
-
caprolactam
to page 1
Polyol production- (A wide variety
of materials are used - only a
small sample are shown here)
Page 8
methanol
Methyl chloride
production
-
Chlorosilanes
production
-
cyclohexanone
Oxime
production
-
HCl
PUR rigid foam
TDI
MDI
propylene
ethylene oxide
phenol
propylene oxide
cyclohexane
pentane
to
page
9
from
page
7
Polyurethane
flexible foam
production
PUR flexible foam
Contact:
www.silicones-europe.com
silicones
Silicone
production
-
Silicon
production
-
Quartz
mining
-
Charcoal
production
-
Coke
production
-
Wood growing
& harvesting
Coal mining
& processing
-
to page 9
Latex
polymerisation
-
styrene-butadiene
dispersion
Vinyl acetate
production
-
Vinyl acetate
dispersion
production
-
Contact:
www.cefic.be
vinyl acetate
dispersion
acrylonitrile
propylene
acetic acid
ethylene
butadiene
from
page
8
styrene
Example: Plastics
Acrylic acid
production
-
Acrylic acid
production
-
Acrylic acid
ester
production
-
Acrylic
dispersion
production
-
Contact:
www.cefic.be
acrylic dispersions
Contact:
www.cefic.be
to page 8
to page 1
Page 9
Impact Assessment
• Human health
• Environmental effects
• Depletion of resources
The Toothbrush…
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