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CH 2: A Summer Afternoon Topics: subjects, verbs, linking verbs, complements, Subject/verb agreement, the Roman Family Pre-Reading Questions Whom do you see in the picture? What are the girls doing? What is the setting of the picture? What do you see under the tree? Can anyone give me an English sentence with a subject, linking verb and complement? Pre-reading Questions (con’t) Take a look at the vocab on pg 7 All of the verbs in CH 1 ended in –t. Two verbs in the vocab list end in –nt. What does this mean? What plural noun do you see in the vocabulary list? Chapter 2 A SUMMER AFTERNOON Cornēlia est puella Rōmāna. Flāvia quoque est puella Rōmāna. Cornēlia et Flāvia sunt puellae Rōmānae quae in Italiā habitant. Cornēlia et Flāvia sunt amīcae. Hodiē puellae nōn sedent sed in agrīs ambulant. Brevī tempore Cornēlia dēfessa est. Nōn iam ambulat sed sub arbore sedet. Flāvia, quae est puella strēnua, in agrīs currit. Brevī tempore Flāvia quoque est dēfessa. Iam Flāvia et Cornēlia sub arbore sedent quod dēfessae sunt. Dum puellae sub arbore sedent, Cornēlia legit et Flāvia scrībit. Tandem puellae ex agrīs ad vīllam rūsticam lentē ambulant. 5 1. Who are Cornelia and Flavia? 2. Where do they live? 3. What is their relationship? 4. What are the girls doing today? 5. How does Cornelia feel? 6. What does she do? 7. What kind of girl is Flavia? 8. What two things does she do? 9. What do the two girls do together under the tree? 10. What do they do after that? Grammar Preview Using printed copy of story underline singular sentences in one color and plural sentences with another. 6 columns: singular and plural nouns, singular and plural adj, singular and plural verbs. Place every subject, adjective, verb and complement in table. Students fill in missing forms (ignore proper names) What is the difference between the first sentence and the second? Puella in villā habitat. Puellae in villā habitant. How does Latin make a subject plural? What else changes in the sentence? Singular subject: singular verb: puella, amica, villa + Puella in villā habitat. Amica in agris currit. Villa in Italiā est. habitat, currit, est plural subject: plural verb: puellae, amicae, villae + habitant, currunt, sunt Puellae in villā habitant. Amicae in agris currunt. Villae in Italiā sunt. How would you make this sentence plural? The noun must end in –ae and the verb in –nt. laeta When the subject has an adjective… laetae.. …the adjective becomes plural too. Singulars & Plurals If the subject of a Latin sentence is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject of a Latin sentence is plural, the verb must be plural. This is called “agreement”. Singular subjects end in –a, singular verbs end in –t: Puella ambulat. Puella in villā est. Plural subjects end in –ae, plural verbs end in –nt: Puellae ambulant. Puellae in villā sunt. 1. Cornelia est puella. Cornelia et Flavia sunt puellae. 2. Puella in Italiā habitat. Puellae in Italiā habitant. 3. Puella in agris non sedet. Puellae in agris non sedent. 4. Puella in agris ambulat. Puellae in agris ambulant. 5. Cornelia defessa est. Cornelia et Flavia defessae sunt. 6. Villa in Italiā est. Villae in Italiā sunt. 7. Puella laeta sub arbore sedet. Puellae laetae sub arbore sedent. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. Then translate each sentence. 1. Puella in villā vicinā habitat. habitat / habitant 2. Amica in agris ambulat. ambulat / ambulant 3. Cornelia et Flavia sunt amicae. est / sunt 4. Puellae in agris non iam currunt. currit / currunt 5. Quid hodie faciunt puellae? facit / faciunt 6. Flavia est strenua. strenua / strenuae 7. Puellae sub arbore sedent. puella / puellae 8. Defessae sunt Cornelia et Flavia. Cornelia / Cornelia et Flavia 9. Puella strenua non est Cornelia. Cornelia / Cornelia et Flavia 10. Amicae ad villam lente ambulant. amica / amicae Chapter 2 A SUMMER AFTERNOON Cornēlia est puella Rōmāna. Flāvia quoque est puella Rōmāna. Cornēlia et Flāvia sunt puellae Rōmānae quae in Italiā habitant. Cornēlia et Flāvia sunt amīcae. Hodiē puellae nōn sedent sed in agrīs ambulant. Brevī tempore Cornēlia dēfessa est. Nōn iam ambulat sed sub arbore sedet. Flāvia, quae est puella strēnua, in agrīs currit. Brevī tempore Flāvia quoque est dēfessa. Iam Flāvia et Cornēlia sub arbore sedent quod dēfessae sunt. Dum puellae sub arbore sedent, Cornēlia legit et Flāvia scrībit. Tandem puellae ex agrīs ad vīllam rūsticam lentē ambulant. 5 2a. Responde Latine 1. 2. 3. 4. Ubi habitant Cornelia et Flavia? Quid faciunt puellae hodie? Quid facit Cornelia quod defessa est? Quid faciunt puellae sub arbore? A linking verb like est doesn’t express action. It connects the subject with more information about the subject. Cornelia est puella Romana. “Est” isn’t something Cornelia can do. It just connects Cornelia to more information about her, namely that she is a puella Romana. It acts like an = sign. Cornelia = puella Romana Other examples. Cornelia et Flavia sunt amicae. Brevi tempore Cornelia est defessa. A complement provides the extra information about the subject introduced by the linking verb. It is called a complement because it completes the sentence. Think of a predicate noun or adjective A complement can be another noun. Cornelia est puella. A complement can be an adjective. Flavia est strenua. A complement can be a noun and an adjective. Cornelia non est puella strenua. Which sentences do NOT contain linking verbs and complements? 1. Cornelia in agris currit. 2. Cornelia et Flavia sunt amicae. 3. Flavia laeta sub arbore sedet. 4. Cornelia ad villam lente ambulat. 5. Brevi tempore puellae sunt defessae. 6. Defessae puellae sunt amicae. 7. Defessae puellae in villā sedent. 8. Magistra non est puella Romana. Now put a line under each linking verb and circle each complement. Can you produce your own singular and plural sentences using the vocabulary you know? Nomina: puella Adiectiva: Verba: laeta legit / legunt villa Romana currit / currunt Cornelia defessa scribit / scribunt Flavia strenua ambulat / ambulant amica sedet / sedent habitat / habitant est / sunt Find the mistake. Puella non sedent, sed in agris ambulant. The subject puella is singular, but the verbs are plural. Change puella to puellae OR change sedent /ambulant to sedet/ambulat. Flavia est defessae. Flavia is singular, but defessae is plural. Change it to defessa. Flavia et Cornelia sunt puella Romanae. Flavia and Cornelia make a plural subject, but puella is singular. Change it to puellae.