Transcript Space Some comments overhead at the Officer’s Club

Space Force
We are now transitioning from an air
force into an air and space force on
an evolutionary path to a space and
air force.
— from Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st
Century Air Force
http://www.xp.hq.af.mil/xpx/21/global.pdf
C. Hall, Randolph 228
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A Brief History of
Orbital Mechanics
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Ptolemy (87-150 AD)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
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Modern Historical Highlights
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1903
1912
1914-1918
1926
1939-1945
1946
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1947
1957
1958
1960
1962
1967
1969
1972
1974
1982
Wright Flyer
Goddard’s “A Method of Obtaining Extreme Altitudes”
WWI – Airpower plays important but limited role
Goddard’s first liquid rocket flight
WWII – Airpower plays substantial role
Rand report “Preliminary Design of an Experimental
World-Circling Spaceship”
AF, CIA, and UN formed
IGY, NORAD formed, Sputnik launched by Soviets
Explorer I launched by US
National Reconnaissance Office formed, Corona program
J.F.Kennedy’s “Moon” speech launched the Space Race
Outer Space Treaty
Apollo 11
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Registration Convention
Space Command formed
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Evolution of Space Power
“Whoever has the ability to control space will…control the surface of
the earth.”
— General Thomas D. White, AF Chief of Staff, 1957
“Space power will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today.”
—The Honorable E.C. Aldridge, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 1988
“Desert Storm...was a watershed event in military space applications
because for the first time, space systems were both integral to the
conflict and critical to the outcome of the war.”
— General Thomas S. Moorman, Jr., AF Vice Chief Staff, 1992
“Today, the ultimate high ground is space.”
— General Joseph W. Ashy, Commander USSPC, 1995
“I'm not in full agreement with the choice of titles for this symposium
and I'd like to request the next time we meet, we give strong
consideration to changing it.”
— General Howell M. Estes, III, Commander USSPC, speaking at the 1997 Air Power Symposium
“But when we do achieve the move to that frontier, it will not be Capt.
Jean Luc Picard in command, it will be Col. Jean Luc Picard”
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— General Michael E. Ryan, AF Chief of
Staff, speaking at the 1997 AFA Symposium
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Why Military Space?
• “We are committed to keeping free and open
access to space for keeping the peace and in
support of natural security.”
— President Clinton’s National Space Policy
• Currently, the United States alone has over
220 active commercial, civil, and military
satellites on orbit worth in excess of $100B.
• DOD spends more than $35M/day on space
programs
• By 2003, $16B in GPS-based revenue alone
• By 2005, $1.2T in global telecomm revenue
• Failure of Galaxy IV (just one satellite)
disrupted the daily lives of millions of people
C. Hall, Randolph 228
[email protected]
Military Space Applications
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Communications
Navigation
Mapping
Meteorology
Intelligence
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Launch
ASAT
Tracking
Missile Warning
Missile Defense
Military Space Organizations
• U.S. Space Command
 A.F., Army, and Naval Space Commands
• National Reconnaissance Office
• Research: AFRL, NRL, ARO
• Acquisition
 Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
 Space & Missile Center (Air Force)
 Army Space and Strategic Defense Command
 Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command
 Missile Defense and Space Technology Center (Army)
C. Hall, Randolph 228
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US Space Organization Relationships
Congress
President
NASA
DOI
DOC
USGS
DoD
NRO
NIMA
JCS
AIR FORCE
NAVY
NSA
NOAA
ARMY
USSPACECOM
AFSPACE
14AF
CIA
NAVSPACE
USASMDC
USARSPACE
Any Questions?
C. Hall, Randolph 228
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ASPO
Air Force Space Facts
• AF Space Command Commander wears three hats: AFSPC,
USSPC, and NORAD
• Former Chief Scientist is a Space Engineer from MIT: Dr.
Daniel Hastings, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
• Air Force gets ~95% of DoD Space Budget
• There aren’t many space pictures on the Air Force Homepage
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Air Force Space Budget
• DoD Space Budget is ~$15B
• NASA Space Budget is ~$13B
• Some estimates put total military space at closer to
$30B
 includes funding for CIA and some NASA programs
• AFSPC budget went from $158M in 1983 to $2.735B
in 1994
• Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) budget is
$589.6M in 1998, $3.872B in 2000–2003
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Air Force Space Command
Locations in CONUS
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Silk Purse Airborne
Command Post
EC-135
communicated with
Strategic Air
Command through
five European
ground stations.
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Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA
The FAS has
a variety of
imagery of
military
space
facilities.
This one is
supposed to
have 4-meter
resolution.
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Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA
This image of
Onizuka shows
the “Blue
Cube,” with
supposed
1-meter
resolution.
I was the
integrator for
Mission
Control Center
VII.
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The Blue Cube at Onizuka AFB
C. Hall, Randolph 228
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Here you
can see the
“Cube”, the
annexes,
several of
the dishes,
and the very
small
parking lot.
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Space Surveillance
• Detecting, tracking, cataloging and identifying objects orbiting
Earth
 active and inactive satellites, spent rocket bodies, debris
• Predict space object reentry to prevent false alarms
• Chart the present position of space objects and plot orbital
paths
• Detect new objects in space and determine country of origin
• Inform NASA whether objects may interfere with space
shuttle's orbit
• The Space Control Center tracks about 8,000 + artificial
objects, softball-size and larger, orbiting Earth. About seven
percent of these objects are operational satellites, 15 percent
are rocket bodies, and the remainder are fragmentation and
inactive satellites.
C. Hall, Randolph 228
[email protected]
Army’s KE-ASat
• Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite
System
• Boeing is prime contractor
• $205M from FY96-FY99
• By 2000, there will be 10 KEASATs ready for use
• Other ASAT programs, here and
abroad
C. Hall, Randolph 228
[email protected]
National Reconnaissance Office
“Responsible for … engineering, development and
acquisition, and operation of space reconnaissance
systems and related intelligence activities”
• Headed by Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
for Space (Keith Hall)
• Joint AF-CIA office formed in 1960-1961
• Declassified in September 1992
• WWW-site: http://www.nro.odci.gov/
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C. Hall, Randolph 228
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NRO’s Corona
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28 February 1959
12 August 1960
18 August 1960
25 May 1972
31 May 1972
24 February 1995
24 May 1995
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Historic "Firsts”
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# 1 CORONA test launch attempt
#13 1st successful recovery from space
#14 Took 1st image from space
#145, last CORONA, launched
Last images of the series taken
Executive Order declassifying CORONA
Ceremonies at Central Intelligence Agency
and National Air & Space Museum
1st photo reconnaissance satellite in the world
1st mid-air recovery of a vehicle returning from space
1st mapping of earth from space
1st stereo-optical data from space
1st multiple reentry vehicles from space
 1st reconnaissance program to fly 100 missions
C. Hall, Randolph 228
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Corona System Components
Imaging resolution
originally 8 meters
improved to 2 meters
Individual images
covered approximately
10 miles by 120 miles
Operated nearly 12 yrs
Over 800,000 images
taken from space
2.1 million feet of film
in 39,000 cans
C. Hall, Randolph 228
[email protected]
C. Hall, Randolph 228
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Gulf War and Space
(a quiz)
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Desert Storm was The “First Space War”
What military space systems were involved?
What ground systems were used with them?
What specific applications of military space systems can be
identified?
What limitations were identified in using space?
What non-space systems were available for use in this conflict
and how were terrestrial or airborne systems integrated with
space systems?
What systems provided similar capabilities for the Iraqis?
What contributions did these military space systems make?
C. Hall, Randolph 228
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