Transcript East Lothian farm trees - World Agroforestry Centre

Multifunctional Agriculture and
Opportunities for Agroforestry –
Implications of IAASTD
“inescapable
interconnectedness
of agriculture’s
different roles and
functions”
Health
Gender equity
Tradition and culture
SOCIAL
Cultivation and
Recognition of
commercialisation
traditional and
of traditional
diversified
foods
Food and land use
non-food
production
ECONOMIC
Valuation of
environmental
services
ENVIRONMENTAL
Roger RB Leakey
Income
James Cook University
Marketing
Climate
Cairns, AUSTRALIA
Trade
Biodiversity
Soils
IAASTD
‘Multifunctional agriculture’ recognizes
agriculture as a multi-output activity
producing commodities and noncommodity externalities and public
goods, such as environmental
services, landscape amenities and
cultural heritages.
=$
IAASTD: 2005-2008
Assess the Impacts of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and
Technology on Environmentally, Socially and Economically
Sustainable Rural Development Worldwide
A new paradigm for
agriculture based on a
set of policy issues was
approved by 62
governments on
April 11th 2008
Thus, in principle, there is acceptance of the need for a new paradigm for
agriculture based on the concepts of multifunctionality
practice?
Reports
for details see www.agassessment.org
1 Global Report
5 Regional Reports (Central and
West Asia and North Africa; East
and South Asia and the Pacific;
Latin America and the Caribbean;
North America and Europe; and
Sub-Saharan Africa)
Synthesis Report (95 pages)
Global Summary for Decision
Makers (36 pages)
Regional Summaries for
Decision Makers (17-21 pages)
Executive Summary for
Synthesis Report (23 pages)
8 Policy Briefs
Water
Selection
Environmental services
Soil
fertility
Mechanization
Agroecosystem
diversity
Cropping system
Breeding
Genetic
potential
GREEN
REVOLUTION
GOAL
Hunger
(IAASTD GOAL 1)
Biotechnology
IPM
Agricultural
inputs
Pests,
weeds
and
diseases
Yield
Biotechnology
IAASTD
GOAL 2
Health and Nutrition
Marketing
and trade
IAASTD
GOAL 5
Social
sustainability
IAASTD
GOAL 3
Livelihoods
IAASTD
GOAL 6
Economic growth
Tradition and
Culture
IAASTD
GOAL 4
Environmental
sustainability
Global
policies
Population
control
IAASTD calls
for the
Evolution of
Agriculture
Other
products
Industry
Public /
Private
Partnerships
Greater
Multi-functionality
External factors: eg. Entrepreneurs
SCALE OF THE
PROBLEM
Desire for security and wealth
Deforestation
Overfishing
Overgrazing
Unsustainable
Cropping
Regulated
by social
Regulated
by social
organizations
at the
national
organizations
- national
/ international
/ international
level level
Ecosystem degradation
and soil erosion
Breakdown of
nutrient
cycling and loss
of soil fertility/
structure
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of
Loss of income
income
from
from crops
wildlife
food
and wildlife
plants
and
Breakdown of ecosystem function
Increased use of
agrichemicals
Loss of crop yields
Increased
Costs
Increased
vulnerability
to HIV / AIDS
Other external
factors: eg. war,
disasters, etc.
Hunger and
malnutrition
Pollution of
waterways,
aquifers,
wetlands etc.
Increased
health risks
Declining livelihoods,
leading to poverty and social deprivation
Regulated
byby
social
organizations
at the
Regulated
social
organizations
community
levellevel
at the
community
50% of the world
population (3.2 billion)
live on less than US$2
per day.
2 billion people are
malnourished.
2 billion ha of land are
degraded (38% of
world’s crop land).
The cycle of
biophysical and
socio-economic
processes causing
ecosystem
degradation and
social deprivation
(after Leakey et al.,
2005)
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE
‘delivering socially, economically and
environmentally sustainable rural
development’
AGROFORESTRY
‘a dynamic, ecologically-based natural
resources management system that, through
the integration of trees into agricultural
systems and landscapes, diversifies and
increases production, while simultaneously
promoting social, economic and
environmental benefits for land users’
Low input and agroecological
technologies that contribute to MFA
 Low-input, resource-conserving technologies, that are also
socially-relevant, pro-poor, approaches to agriculture and
build social and natural capital at community and
landscape levels include:

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Organic agriculture,
Agroforestry,
Conservation agriculture,
Ecoagriculture
Permaculture.
 Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM),

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
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM),
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM),
Integrated Crop and Livestock Management (ICLM),
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
MFA delivery
Agroforestry, in common with other low-input systems,
addresses:





soil fertility management;
rehabilitation of degraded farming systems;
loss of biodiversity above and below ground;
carbon sequestration;
soil and watershed protection.
Agroforestry also adds:
 useful and marketable tree products for income generation, fuel,
food and nutritional security/health and the enhancement of local
livelihoods;
 complex mature and functioning agroecosystems akin to natural
woodlands and forests;
 linkages with culture through the food and other products of
indigenous trees that are of traditional importance to local people.
Rehabilitate Degraded Land and
Restore Soil Fertility
Most poor smallholder farmers cannot afford
fertilizers
Well developed and
easily adopted
‘Improved fallow’
systems are effective
and can raise crop
yields 3-4 fold.
Diversification of farming systems
to create mature agroecosystems
Environmental sustainability, carbon
sequestration and agroecosystem function
Diverse and mature agroecosystems
integrate food crops with tree crops
People in Developing
Countries still have to
provide food, medicines
and all their other day-today needs for
themselves from their
natural resources,
without any support from
social services.
Modern farming systems
lack all the species that
used to provide all the
products needed for
everyday survival.
Agroforestry for products and services
that meet local and traditional needs
Social
sustainability
Well-being, health, nutrition, gender equity, tradition and culture, empowerment, etc.
Recognize the important role of local
people, their traditions and culture
Climate change and the Carbon Cost of
Agriculture
Agriculture’s
ecological footprint
includes all the
environmental costs of
producing the raw
materials, energy,
machinery, pesticides,
fertilizers, etc.
Mollison, 1988
Agroforestry has a low
carbon footprint and
can reduce emissions
of GHGs.
AF steps to MFA
Agroforestry has three prime steps to
sustainable development:
(i) the restoration of lost productive capacity in farm
land, especially degraded land (soil fertility
management),
(ii) the creation of new opportunities for greater
and more diversified production with enhanced
utility and profitability (tree domestication),
(iii) the promotion of value-adding of AFTPs,
entrepreneurism and job creation in rural
communities (commercialization of agroforestry
products).
Step 1. Restoration of Soil Fertility
Step 2. The domestication of
a wide range of local species
Natural forests
NON-TIMBER
FOREST PRODUCTS
(NTFPs)
Common property
extractive natural
resources for
hunter gatherers
Timber
Agroforests
D
O
M
E
S
T
I
C
A
T
I
O
N
AGROFORESTRY TREE
PRODUCTS (AFTPs)
(Simons and Leakey, 2004)
Private natural resources
cultivated by
farmers
Forest plantations
Step 3. Commercialization of new
products
Agricultural diversification requires
commercial diversification
Integration of
the 3 steps
to: reduce poverty,
malnutrition,
hunger and
land degradation.
Step 1 – Improved fallows
POVERTY / MALNUTRITION / HUNGER ASSOCIATED WITH
DEGRADED FARMLAND AND LOSS OF NATURAL VEGETATION
Cultivation of
staple food
crops
Partial restoration of
soil fertility and
structure by Biological
nitrogen fixation and
organic inputs
Improve yields
of staple foods
Enhance
food and
nutritional
security
Free up some
land for cash
cropping
Encourage
and
conserve
wildlife
Increase
biodiversity
and restore
agroecological
function
Step 2 – Tree domestication
Step 3 – Product commercialization
Outputs and benefits
For example:
Closing the
‘Yield Gap’
Domestication of new
cash crops from
indigenous species
Purchase
fertilizers
and other
inputs
Ensure genetic diversity
Diversify
farming system
with tree crops
Trade
Products
for dayto-day
use
Valueadding and
processing
Employment
Income
Enhance
gender
equity
Income from
tree products
Restore woody
vegetation and
sequester
‘Greenhouse Gases’
Further
improve yields
of staple food
crops
Improve
quality and
yield
Enhance
immune
system and
health
Improved
livelihoods and wellbeing
Income
ECONOMIC / SOCIAL / ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH MULTIFUNCTIONAL
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Conserve
tradition and
culture
“Fasten Your Seat Belts”
for a Safari to see
Multifunctional Agriculture in
Practice
Agroforestry as the Delivery
Mechanism for MFA
MFA in ACTION 1
(485 villages / 7100 Farmers + Entrepreneurs, Traders, Microfinance)
5 RRC’s
$
Agroforestry delivers multiple benefits
I’ve decided
to be a
nursery
man and
stay in my
village
My kids are
eating fruits
and veg
31 positive
impacts
identified
I’ve improved
my house and
built a well
Agroforestry
has
improved
our lives
I’m buying
fertilizers
and have a
cow
My family
are healthier
and going to
school
I’m processing
and trading
AFTPs
MFA in ACTION 2
Sold 18 tonnes
of kernels for
$438,000 in 2004
in Port Vila.
0
North west
North east
West
"Wonder"
N38
N40
N52
N37
N56
N54
N33
N45
N53
N50
N42
N47
N48
N36
N43
N44
N46
N51
N35
N32
N39
N55
N34
N49
N41
N26
N28
N27
N30
N22
N31
N21
N29
N25
N23
N16
N13
N4
N1
N3
N17
N15
N2
N8
N12
N20
N7
N10
N5
N14
N19
N11
N18
N6
N9
Fruit mass (g)
MFA in ACTION 3
PhytoTrade
patent
80
Figure 3b. Fruit mass of Namibian Marulas from different sites
60
40
20
Integrated AF Practices
House
Agroforest 3:
Cereals and root crops
with scattered trees,
rotating Improved
Fallows and contour
hedges
Home garden
with orchard
trees, vegetables,
chickens
Tree
nursery
Pigs
MFA will not be
delivered by a
single AF
system. It will
require a series
of AF practices
integrated
across the farm
Agroforest 1:
Indigenous fruit, nut and
timber species at high
density (3 x 3m), with
medicinal plants and
shade crops
Goats
Agroforest 2:
Indigenous fruit and
nut trees at low density
(10 x 10m) as shade
over cash crops
(coffee or cocoa)
Boundary trees as a windbreak and
for wood, timber and fuel
Tree
fodder
bank
Public – Private Sector Partnerships
Participatory domestication of
Allanblackia spp.
Public-Private-Partnership involving local communities,
national and international researchers and Unilever plc.
Kernels contain a hard white fat high in oleic (39-49%) and stearic (52-58%) acids.
Water
Selection
Environmental services
Soil
fertility
Mechanization
Agroecosystem
diversity
Cropping system
Breeding
Genetic
potential
GREEN
REVOLUTION
GOAL
Hunger
(IAASTD GOAL 1)
Biotechnology
IPM
Agricultural
inputs
Pests,
weeds
and
diseases
Yield
Biotechnology
IAASTD
GOAL 2
Health and Nutrition
Marketing
and trade
IAASTD
GOAL 5
Social
sustainability
IAASTD
GOAL 3
Livelihoods
IAASTD
GOAL 6
Economic growth
Tradition and
Culture
IAASTD
GOAL 4
Environmental
sustainability
Global
policies
Population
control
Other
products
Industry
Public /
Private
Partnerships
Multifunctional
Agriculture
Agroforestry
is poised to
be the
implementing
mechanism
Opportunities for Agroforestry
arising out of MFA
 Promote agroforestry as a key delivery
mechanism for MFA – the proposed new
paradigm for agricultural and rural
development approved by 62 countries.
 Use MFA to improve public knowledge
and understanding of the importance of
agroforestry.
Scale up agroforestry R&D to level having
significant economic, social and
environmental impacts.
Agroforestry has the potential for
rapid adoption
• 1.8 billion involved and needy clients
• 1 billion hectares of land
For the adoption of Multifunctional
Agriculture, agroforestry represents
one of the “low hanging fruits” that
can be implemented straight away.
Issues and Challenges raised by
IAASTD
Authors were pleased to hear that AF is a
contributor to MFA. They expressed their view
that agroforesters were rather aloof and poorly
integrated with Agriculturalists.
IAASTD process identified that Agroforestry has a
PR image problem (100’s of reviewers).
AF = only 50,000 ha and it is well known to be a
failure (cf: 1 billion hectares)
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research
Research publications
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research
Transfer to farmers
Research publications
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research
Transfer to farmers
Research publications
Adoption
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research
Transfer to farmers
Identification and quantification
of impacts (QBL)
Research publications
Adoption
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research
Transfer to farmers
Identification and quantification
of impacts (QBL)
Research publications
Adoption
Communicate to
policymakers
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research
Transfer to farmers
Identification and quantification
of impacts (QBL)
Research publications
Adoption
Communicate to
policymakers
Communicate to the
public:
TV, Press,
Popular magazines
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research publications
Research
Transfer to farmers
Adoption
Identification and quantification
of impacts (QBL)
Primary and
Secondary
Education
Communicate to
policymakers
Communicate to the
public:
TV, Press,
Popular magazines
The Challenge is not how to improve the lot of
subsistence farmer households at the village level – it is
how to scale the process up to tens of millions of people
each year to meet the sustainable development goals.
Our ability to achieve this will be enhanced if
agroforestry can be seen as the delivery mechanism for
Multifunctional Agriculture.