Transcript Chapter 17: 1 Objectives - Gainesville Independent School

Chapter 17
Southwest Asia,
Central Asia,
North Africa
Chapter 17: 1 Objectives
• Identify which land and water features
dominate the region.
• Discuss how the region’s major rivers are
important to its people.
• Explain why much of the world is
economically dependent on the region.
Drawing from Experience
• Have you ever put together a jigsaw
puzzle?
• Imagine a region in which the seas and
land resembles pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
• This section focuses on the natural
features and resources of North Africa,
Southwest Asia and Central Asia.
Terms to Know
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alluvial soil
wadi
kum
phosphate
North African countries
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Egypt – (Cairo) The Cradle of Civilization
Morocco (Rabat)
Algeria (Algiers)
Tunisia (Tunis)
Libya (Tripoli)
Southwest Asia (Middle East)
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Bahrain
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
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Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United Arab Emirates
(UAE)
• Yemen
Central Asia & the “Stans”
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Afghanistan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
(Pakistan – later)
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Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Turkey
Introduction
• People, goods, and ideas have come
together for centuries in North Africa,
Southwest Asia and Central Asia.
• The region’s location near the
Mediterranean Sea draws travelers from
all directions.
• This region is where the continents of
Europe, Africa and Asia meet.
• The region’s landscape is varied and rich
in natural resources.
• Why do people, goods and ideas come
together in North Africa, Southwest Asia
and Central Asia?
• Answer: the region’s location near the
Mediterranean Sea and
• this is where the continents of Europe,
Asia and Africa meet.
Seas and Peninsulas
• a. the Mediterranean Sea lies between
Africa and Europe.
• b. the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden
separate Southwest Asia’s Arabian
Peninsula from Africa
• c. the Persian Gulf borders the Arabian
Peninsula on the east and the Arabian
Sea borders it on the south.
• d. the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba
border the Sinai Peninsula.
• e. the Black, Mediterranean Sea and
Aegean Seas border the peninsula of
Anatolia (Turkey).
Three Landlocked bodies of
saltwater lie east of the
Mediterranean Sea
• a. the Dead Sea – saltiest body of water in
the world.
• forms part of the Israel-Jordan border.
• b. the Caspian Sea is the largest inland
body of water on earth
• c. the Aral Sea in Central Asia, used to be
the 4th largest inland sea but it’s shrinking.
Question
• What land and water features make up
much of this region?
• Answer: seas; Mediterranean, Red, Black,
Arabian, Caspian and Aral
• gulfs; Aden, Persian, Suez, Aqaba
• peninsulas; Arabian, Sinai, Anatolia
Rivers
• the Nile River – in Egypt (Misr), longest in
the world.
• fertile soil
• river was the site of one of the world’s
earliest civilization,
• 90% of Egyptians live on the river.
• Aswan Dam 7 others now control flooding
of the Nile.
• The dams have reduced flooding and
deposits of alluvial soil.
• This rich soil is made up of sand and mud
deposited by moving water.
Nile Delta
• A delta is where a river and a larger body
of water, in this case the Mediterranean
Sea, meet and push at each other,
• in other words an estuary, where
freshwater (Nile) meets saltwater
(Mediterranean);
• it pushes the river and makes it fan out like
the fingers of a hand…
• in the shape of a triangle or the Greek
letter “delta” -- .
Nile Delta
Dam the Nile – Why?
• pros: dams make lakes and thus store
more water,
• can irrigate
• feed more people
• stop destructive flooding
• cons: flooding makes the soil more fertile,
• slower water causes more disease
• soil is less fertile and now must add
chemicals to restore rich soil.
Aswan High Dam
Aswan High Dam
Effects of Aswan High Dam
Creates Nasser Lake
Abu Simbel – Would have been
flooded
Temple of Ramses II
Temple of favorite wife -Nefertari
The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• located mostly in Iraq
• river valley is a fertile farming valley
• the birthplace of Mesopotamia, an early
civilization
• Mesopotamia means “land between two
rivers”
• both rivers have been damed.
Tigris & Euphrates River
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Where the two rivers meet:
Shat al-Arab river delta – empties into
the Gulf of Persia.
Irrigation
• Today the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
irrigate farms throughout Syria, Turkey
and Iraq.
• Dams control the flow of both rivers.
Wadis
• Many streams appear and disappear
suddenly.
• This occurs because of runoff of infrequent
rainstorms.
• These streambeds are dry until a heavy
rain.
• called wadis.
Wadi
Plains, Plateaus, Mountains
• A. Atlas Mountains – Africa’s longest
mountain range, Morocco and Algeria in
North Africa.
• Enough rain falls on the northern side to
allow farming and settlement.
• B. Hejaz and Asir mountains – Asir gets
the most rain – east gets little rain
because of the rain shadow effect.
• C. Pontic and Taurus Mountains in Turkey.
• D. Caucasus Mountains – between the
Black and the Caspian Seas.
• E. Turan Lowlands – irrigated farmlands
close to China.
• kums are deserts:
• Kara Kum (Garagum) – Turkmenistan
• Kyzl Kum (Qizilqum) – Uzbekistan.
Earthquakes
• Three tectonic plates come together in
North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia.
• Movement of these plates has built
mountains, moved landmasses and
caused frequent earthquakes in the
region.
• is causing the Red Sea to grow wider.
• In 1999 a violent earthquake killed 20K.
Resources
• Petroleum and natural gas are the region’s
most abundant and important.
• 70% of the earth’s known oil reserves are
here and
• 30 % of all natural gas are in this region.
• Other minerals: sulfate, sulfur, phosphate,
chromium, gold, lead, manganese, zinc,
iron and copper.
• sulfates – Turkmenistan has the world’s
largest deposits.
• phosphates – a chemical compound used
in fertilizers.
Sec. 1 – Key Points
• North Africa, Southwest Asia and Central
Asia are located at the crossroads of Asia,
Africa and Europe.
• The region is a jigsaw puzzle of
peninsulas and seas.
• The movement of tectonic plates forms
mountains, moves landforms and causes
earthquakes in the region.
• Rivers feed the inland seas and supply
irrigation to parched lands.
• Their alluvial soil deposits enrich the land,
especially in the Nile River Valley and
delta.
• The region contains much of the world’s oil
and natural gas reserves.
Chapter 17 Sec. 2 Objectives
• Explain how the climates of the region
differ.
• Describe how the needs of a growing
population have affected the natural
vegetation of the region.
Terms to Know
• oasis
• pastoralism
• cereal
Drawing from Experience
• When you think of a desert, what comes to
mind?
• What is the climate like?
• What kinds of animals live there?
• What would it be like to live in a region in which
half the land was desert?
• In the last section, you read about the natural
features and resources of North Africa,
Southwest Asia and Central Asia.
• This section focuses on climate & vegetation of
the region.
Introduction
• Ancient cave paintings tell us the North
Africa was once wet and green.
• Differences in climate across the region
affect vegetation and human activities.
Water: A Precious Resource
• Rainfall is plentiful in some areas of the
region.
• In most, however, water is scarce because
evaporation exceeds rainfall.
• Two dry climates cover most of the region.
A. A Desert Climate
• 50% of the region is desert
• less than 10 inches of rain per year
• The Sahara is the largest desert in the
world.
• Covers most of North Africa,
• The Rub’al Khali (Empty Quarter) desert
covers 1/4th (quarter) of the Arabian
Peninsula.
• Nomadic peoples raise herds of sheep,
goats and camels in the Garayum desert
of Central Asia.
• Oasis = a place in the desert where
underground water comes to the surface.
• Villages, towns or small-scale farms can
exist in some oases (plural).
Afghan Village
Sahara Desert & Rub’al Khali
B. Steppe Climate
• 2nd largest climate in the region.
• annual rainfall: 10 to 20 inches
• enough to grow short grasses, shrubs and
a few trees
• supports pastoralism – the raising and
grazing of livestock.
Climatic Variations
• There are two climates in the region with
more rainfall than the desert and steppe
climates.
• A. Mediterranean and
• B. Highland
A. Mediterranean Climate
• has cool rainy winters and hot, dry
summers
• found in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, in
upland areas and the coastal plains of the
Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas.
• Farmers can grow citrus fruits, olives and
grapes.
• Tourists enjoy this climate.
B. Highlands
• found in higher areas of the region
• in the Caucasus Mountains.
• highland climate varies with elevation,
wind and sun
• generally is wetter and colder than other
climates in the region.
Others
• Coastal and highlands areas near
mountain ranges receive the most rainfall
• North African coast can get 30” of rain,
enough to grow forests.
• Georgia can get more than 100 inches of
rain.
• Areas that get more than 14” of rain a year
can grow cereals – food grains such as
barley, oats and wheat.
Section 2: Key Points
• Rainfall in North Africa, Southwest Asia
and Central Asia varies widely.
• Most of the region contains arid areas.
• The four (4) climate regions in North
Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Asia
are: desert, steppe, Mediterranean and
highlands.
• Natural vegetation in the region varies
widely and is closely related to rainfall and
irrigation patterns.
Olives
End of Slide Show