Transcript The Rwandan Genocide A Civil War

AFRICA
CHILD SOLDIERS, GENOCIDE,
AIDS
Ms. Mallard
7th Grade
Social Studies
WHAT IS GENOCIDE?
“Genocide means any of the following acts committed
with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
 (a) Killing members of the group;
 (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members
of the group;
 (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of
life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part;
 (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births
within the group;
 (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to
another group. “
GENOCIDE IN AFRICA
Darfur
A Region in Sudan
Rwanda

Between April
and June of 1994,
an estimated
800,000
Rwandans, from
the group known
as Tutsis, were
killed in the span
of 100 days.

February 2003 the Sudan
Liberation
Movement/Army (SLM/A)
and Justice and Equality
Movement (JEM) rebel
groups began fighting the
government of Sudan,
which they accused of
oppressing Darfur's nonArab population. The
government responded to
attacks by carrying out a
campaign of ethnic
cleansing against Darfur's
non-Arabs. This produced
the deaths of tens to
hundreds of thousands of
civilians
THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE
A CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE
HUTUS AND THE TUTSIS
THIS IS THEIR STORY…
WHO ARE THE
HUTUS & TUTSIS
The Hutus and Tutsis are two groups of people
that settled in present day Rwanda close to
two-thousand years ago.
Some scientists believe the Tutsis migrated
from present day Ethiopia.
Over time they worked together and united.
They developed a single language (Kinyarwanda)
and one set of religious and philosophical
beliefs.
A DIVISION BEGINS
•In
the 18th century, when Rwanda emerged as a
powerful and populous nation, its rulers began to
measure their power in the number of their
cattle.
•The Tutsi were “rich in cattle”. They were
the elite and ruling class.
•On the other hand, the Hutu had less
livestock and less power.
HUTUS VS. TUTSIS
Population
The Hutus were the majority – around
85%. But they were considered
commoners.
The Tutsis were the minority – around 14%.
But they were considered the elite,ruling
class because of their large estates, large
number of servants, and large number of
cattle.
Tutsi – 14%
Hutu – 85%
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Because the Hutus and Tutsis did not
usually intermarry, their offspring
began to develop similarities in their
features.

The Tutsis were often very tall, thin,
with narrow features, and fair skin.

The Hutus were often shorter,
stronger, with broader features, and
darker skin.
•The
COLONIZATION
Germans were the first Europeans to colonize
Rwanda.
•They
•The
did so in the early 1900’s.
Germans helped to fight off other countries
that wanted to attack Rwanda (the Hutus and
Tutsis). This helped to protect Rwanda and make it
strong.
COLONIZATION
CONTINUED
After WWI, the United Nations
decided that Germany could no longer
rule Rwanda.
•
•The
country was now under the
safeguards of the United Nations, and
it was to be governed by Belgium.
BELGIUM BRINGS
FURTHER DIVISION
Belgium decided to use the class system
(that had already been put into place) to
their advantage.
•
• The Belgians favored the
Tutsis and gave them
privileges and westernstyle education.
WHY DID THE
BELGIANS DO THIS?
•The
•The
Belgians did this because they could
control Rwanda easier this way.
Belgians also favored the Tutsis because
they appeared more European in their tall,
slender features. They discriminated against
the Hutus because they appeared less
European.
THE HUTUS FIGHT
THE TUTSIS
•Still
angry at being
repressed and
discriminated against
for so many years, the
Hutus fight the Tutsis.
•Many
Tutsis are
massacred, and many
flee Rwanda.
WARNING!
Human rights groups warn
the international community
of an impending genocide.
•
•In
March of 1994, the
human rights groups are
forced to flee Rwanda due to
the impending calamity. Only
the Red Cross stays behind.
THE U.N. LEAVES
 The
U.N. is
forced to leave
for a variety of
reasons, including
increased violence
in Rwanda and
world tensions
following a crisis
that occurred in
Somalia.
GENOCIDE…
A DAY THAT WILL
LIVE IN INFAMY
•
April 6, 1994 – President Habyarimana and the president
of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, are shot down in a plane
and killed.
•No
one knows who shot down the president’s plane. There
are theories that the Hutus did this and there are
theories that the Tutsis did this.
•That
night… the genocide begins.
THE GENOCIDE
•
The Hutu militia, at one point 30,000 people strong,
slaughtered any Tutsi that came in their path.
•They
encouraged regular Hutu civilians to do the same.
•In
some cases, Hutus were forced to kill their Tutsi
neighbors.
THE DEATH TOLL
In the span of 100 days, an
estimated 800,000 Tutsis were
slaughtered.
They were killed primarily with
knives, machetes, and clubs.
100,000 of these were children.
WHERE WAS THE HELP?

While the genocide was going on, the
world sat back and watched.

No troops or aide was sent by the
Americans or any other country.

The victims were left screaming for
help, but no one came.
AN END TO THE
GENOCIDE
By July, the RPF (a Tutsi organization)
captured the city of Kigali. The government
collapsed and the RPF declared a cease-fire.
•
•As
soon as it became apparent to the Hutus
that the Tutsis were victorious, close to 2
million fled to Zaire (now the Republic of
Congo)
GENOCIDE IN DARFUR
HISTORY OF CONFLICT
IN SUDAN
Sudan’s borders encompass many ethnic and religious
groups
 North: Arab, Muslim


South: African, Christian
Darfur: African, Muslim, Fur, Masalit and
Zaghawa tribes
Northern Sudan was constructed
without ties to Southern Sudan, and
the Darfur region wasn’t annexed as
a province of Sudan until 1916, almost
50 years after the North and South
were unified.
HISTORY OF CONFLICT
IN SUDAN


1956 Sudan gains independence from
British rule
Civil war between North and South from
1955-1972 and again from 1983-2002



South Sudanese not represented in Khartoum
government
While oil was discovered in Southern Sudan
in the 1970s, the Khartoum government
demanded all of the oil revenues be funneled
to the national government
Peace agreement in 2003
GENOCIDE IN DARFUR
 450,000
dead (from
violence, famine, and
disease)
 2.5
million refugees
and internally
displaced persons
 150,000
- 300,000
refugees in
neighboring Chad
INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE
AND CHALLENGES

In July 2004, Congress declared the crisis in
Darfur to be a genocide. In September 2004, on
behalf of the U.S. government, Secretary of
State Colin Powell followed suit.

First time a genocide declared as such while in
progress

In February 2005, the U.S. led the U.N. to pass
the first resolution to send a peacekeeping mission
to Darfur.

September 2006: U.N. resolution authorizing the
deployment of 17,000 peacekeepers with a Chapter
VII mandate to protect.

But only with the consent of the Sudanese
government.

Sudanese government adamantly refuses to
consent, as they are sponsoring the genocide.
OTHER ISSUES IN
AFRICA
 Usage
of Child Soldiers
 AIDS
in Africa
CHILD SOLDIERS

Child soldiers are any children under
the age of 18 who are recruited by a
state or non-state armed group and
used as fighters, cooks, suicide
bombers, human shields, messengers,
spies, or for sexual purposes.

Two-thirds of states confirm that
enrollment of soldiers under the age
of 18 should be banned to prohibit
forced child soldiers, as well as 16and 17-year-old armed force
volunteers.

In the last 15 years, the use of child
soldiers has spread to almost every
region of the world and every armed
conflict. Though an exact number is
impossible to define, thousands of
child soldiers are illegally serving in
armed conflict around the world.

Children who are poor, displaced
from their families, have limited
access to education, or live in a
combat zone are more likely to be
forcibly recruited.

Children who are not forced to be
soldiers volunteer themselves
because they feel societal pressure
and are under the impression that
volunteering will provide a form of
income, food, or security, and
willingly join the group.

Some children are under the age of
10 when they are forced to serve.
CHILD SOLDIERS

In the last 2 years, 20 states have
been reported to have child soldiers
in government, governmentaffiliated, and non-state armed
groups. Additionally, 40 states still
have minimum age recruitment
requirements under 18 years.

Girls make up an estimated 10 to 30
percent of child soldiers used for
fighting and other purposes. They
are especially vulnerable when it
comes to sexual violence.

A few of the countries who have
reported use of child soldiers since
2011 are Afghanistan, Colombia,
India, Iraq, Israel, Libya, Mali,
Pakistan, Thailand, Sudan, Syria, and
Yemen.

Despite a government agreement
in the District of Chad to
demobilize the recruitment of
child soldiers, there were
between 7,000 and 10,000
children under 18 serving in
combat and fulfilling other
purposes in 2007.
The recruitment of child soldiers
breaks several human rights
laws. Children who have
committed crimes as soldiers
are looked upon more leniently,
crimes committed voluntarily are
subject to justice under the
international juvenile justice
standards.
AIDS IN AFRICA

Human immunodeficiency virus, and
its later, more severe stage, acquired
immune deficiency syndrome
(HIV/AIDS) is a virus that affects
people all over the world. HIV/AIDS
is especially prominent in Africa,
where many people are not educated
on how to prevent spreading the
illness, and even more do not have
access to treatment. Here are 10
facts about HIV/AIDS in Africa:

1. 1,000 children are infected with
HIV every day.

2. 23 percent of children infected
with HIV/AIDS are being treated.

3. 17 million Africans have died of
AIDS since the virus was discovered.

4. There are 25 million Africans living
with the HIV virus.

5. 13 million African children are
orphans because of HIV/AIDS.

6. 67 percent of people infected
with HIV live in sub-Saharan
Africa

7. 90 percent of children with
HIV (about 2 million) live in subSaharan Africa.

8. Only 11 percent of pregnant
HIV-positive women in subSaharan Africa receive
treatment to prevent spreading
the virus to their child.

9. HIV/AIDS is the cause of
about 1 million deaths in Africa
every year.

10. HIV/AIDS has caused the
life-expectancy in sub-Saharan
Africa to drop to 54.4 years
and, in some countries, less than
49 years.
AIDS IN AFRICA
Although these statistics seem disheartening,
there has been vast progress in treating and
preventing the virus in Africa. More and more
people are gaining access to contraceptives and
antiviral drugs due to international aid. The end
of HIV/AIDS may be a difficult goal to achieve,
but every year the number of people dying from
the HIV/AIDS decreases, leading the world one
step closer to completely eradicating the virus.

- Mary Penn