Transcript PowerPoint to accompany - Current University of Rio Grande

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
16
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Chapter 16
Lymphatic System and
Immunity
• network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids
• closely associated with the cardiovascular system
• transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces
• transports fluid to the bloodstream
• transports fats to bloodstream
• help defend the body against diseases
2
Lymphatic Pathways
3
Lymphatic Capillaries
• microscopic
• closed-ended tubes
• in interstitial spaces
of most tissues
4
Lymphatic Vessels
• walls are similar but thinner
than those of veins
• composed of three layers
• endothelial lining (inner)
• smooth muscle (middle)
• connective tissue (outer)
• larger vessels lead to lymph
nodes and then to larger
lymphatic trunks
5
Lymphatic Trunks
• drain lymph from the
lymphatic vessels
• named for the regions
they serve
• lumbar
• intestinal
• intercostal
• bronchomediastinal
• subclavian
• jugular
6
Collecting Ducts
• Right lymphatic duct
• Thoracic duct
drains lymph from the upper
right side of the body
drains lymph from the rest of
the body
7
Summary of Lymphatic Pathway
8
Tissue Fluid and Lymph
Lymph
• tissue fluid that has entered a
lymphatic capillary
Lymph formation
• dependent on tissue fluid formation
9
Tissue Fluid Formation
Tissue fluid
• originates from plasma
• contains water and dissolved substances
• contains smaller proteins which create colloid
osmotic pressure
10
Lymph Formation
increasing hydrostatic pressure within interstitial
spaces forces tissue fluid into lymphatic
capillaries
• resultant fluid is lymph
• this process prevents accumulation of excess
tissue fluid or edema
11
Lymph Function
• absorption of dietary fats
• delivers fats to bloodstream
• collection of excess interstitial fluids
• delivers excess fluids to bloodstream
• delivers foreign particles to lymph nodes
12
Lymph Function
13
Lymph Movement
• action of skeletal muscles
• respiratory movements
• smooth muscle in larger
lymphatic vessels
• valves in lymphatic
vessels
14
Lymph Nodes
15
Locations of Lymph Nodes
• cervical region
• axillary region
• supratrochlear region
• inguinal region
• pelvic cavity
• abdominal cavity
• thoracic cavity
16
Functions of Lymph Nodes
• filter potentially harmful particles from
lymph
• immune surveillance by macrophages and
lymphocytes
• areas of lymphocyte production
17
Thymus
• small in an adult
• site of T lymphocyte
production
• secretes thymosins
18
Spleen
• largest lymphatic organ
• located in upper left abdominal
quadrant
• sinuses filled with blood
• contains two tissue types
•white pulp
• lymphocytes
• red pulp
• red blood cells
• lymphocytes
• macrophages
19
Major Organs of Lymphatic
System
20
Body Defenses Against
Infection
• pathogen
• disease causing agent
• bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms,
spores of multicellular organisms
• innate defenses
• general defenses
• protects against many pathogens
• adaptive defenses
• immunity
• more specific
• carried out by lymphocytes
21
Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses
22
Inflammation Response
23
Adaptive (Specific) Defenses or
Immunity
• resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or
metabolic by-products
• based on the ability to distinguish “self” from “non-self”
• antigens elicit immune responses
24
Antigens
• proteins
• polysaccharides
• glycoproteins
• glycolipids
• most effective are large and complex
• haptens are small molecules that are not
antigenic by themselves
25
Lymphocyte Origins
Insert figure 16.16
26
Lymphocyte Functions
• T cells
• secrete lymphokines
• help activate T cells
• cause T cell proliferation
• activate cytotoxic T cells
• stimulate leukocyte production
• stimulate B cells to mature
• activate macrophages
• secrete toxins that kill cells
• secrete growth-inhibiting factors
• secrete interferon
• cellular immune response
27
Lymphocyte Functions
• B cells
• differentiate into plasma cells
• produce antibodies
• humoral immune response
28
Comparison of T and B Cells
29
T Cells and the Cellular Immune
Response
• requires antigen-presenting cell
• requires MHC antigens
• types of T cells
• helper T cell
• cytotoxic T cell
• memory T cell
30
T Cell and B Cell Activation
31
B Cell Activation, Stimulation and
Proliferation
32
B Cell Proliferation and
Differentiation
33
Steps in Antibody Production
34
Antibody Molecules
35
Types of Immunoglobulins
36
Antibody Actions
37
Immune Responses
38
Classifications of Immunity
39
Allergic Reactions
Immune attacks against nonharmful
substances that can damage tissues
40
Allergic Reactions
Type I
• immediate-reaction allergy
• occurs minutes after contact
with allergen
• hives
• hay fever
• asthma
• eczema
• gastric disturbances
• anaphylactic shock
41
Allergic Reactions
Type II
• antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction
• takes 1-3 hours to develop
• transfusion reaction
Type III
• immune-complex reaction
• takes 1-3 hours to develop
• antibody complexes cannot be cleared from body
• damage of body tissues
42
Allergic Reactions
Type IV
• delayed-reaction allergy
• results from repeated exposure to allergen
• eruptions and inflammation of the skin
• takes about 48 hours to occur
43
Transplantation and
Tissue Rejection
• Transplanted
tissues and organs
• cornea
• kidney
• liver
• pancreas
• heart
• bone marrow
• skin
Tissue rejection reaction
• resembles cellular
immune response against
antigens
• important to match MHC
antigens
• immunosuppressive drugs
used to prevent rejection
44
Four Major Varieties of Grafts
45
Autoimmunity
• inability to distinguish “self” from “non-self”
46
Life-Span Changes
• immune system declines early in life when thymus gland
shrinks
• higher risk of infections
• antibody response to antigens becomes slower
• IgA and IgG antibodies increase
• IgM and IgE antibodies decrease
47
Clinical Application
Immunity Breakdown: AIDS
• recurrent fever
• weakness
• weight loss
• caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
• HIV impairs macrophages and helper T cells
• later in infection, HIV impairs cytotoxic T cells
• HIV mutates quickly
• immune system cannot keep up with HIV
48