Transcript UNIT 8A - Our Lady of Lourdes High School
UNIT 8A
Motivation
Motivation
The need or desire to that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal There are 4 major theories/perspectives to motivation
1. Instinct Theory
Evolutionary perspective Theory has actually evolved over time too There had been over 5500 instincts named No explanation, just names Instincts must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned Innate reflexes in infants Fails to explain motive
2. Drives and Incentives
Drive reduction theory Psychological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need Eating and drinking Desire to reach homeostasis PUSH US Incentives + or – stimuli that lure or repel us When there is a need and an incentive, there is a strong drive PULL US
3. Arousal theory
Curiosity Not necessarily to reduce certain feelings, but to be in a state of high arousal Not enough = bored Too much = stress and anxiety (overwhelmed)
4. Hierarchy of motives
Abraham Maslow – 1970 Some needs take priority over others Hierarchy of needs Only when the most basic needs are met are we willing to satisfy the next
Loneliness
HUNGER
The effects of hunger have been measured many times in experiments over time 1950 36 male volunteers – 6 months Cut food level in half Dropped 25% of their body weight All they could think about was food Everything else lost its importance Grocery shopping on an empty stomach?
COGNITIVE EXPLANATION
Comes from our thoughts Intrinsic vs extrinsic Intrinsic - behavior is fun, you enjoy it - so you do it More satisfying Extrinsic - promise of a reward or a threat of punishment (A vs F) MONEY FOR GRADES?
Hunger
What makes you hungry?
Stomach contractions?
Glucose levels – homeostasis Signals from the body can trigger hunger in the brain Liver, stomach and intestines Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus – stimulation will cause well fed animals to continue to eat Destroy it and the animal will not eat Orexin
Hunger
Stimulating the lower mid-hypothalamus Stop eating Destroy it and animal will continue eating Time?
Hunger hormones
Orexin Ghrelin – empty stomach – Stomach stapling/gastric bypass Obestatin – sends out fullness signal PYY – digestive tract – reduces appetite Leptin – protein secreted by fat cells to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food
Weight regulation
Set point – we get to a point where we level off with our weight Influenced by heredity Basal Metabolic Rate body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Psychology of Hunger
Taste preference Our mood can influence what we hunger for Stress and depression can cause you to seek carbohydrates Influences serotonin production Genetically predetermined to like sweet and salty Evolution and obesity?
Culture – Cheek meat? Eyeballs?
Neophobia Pregnancy – 10 weeks – food aversions Horse/dog/rat/pigeon?
Embryo is most vulnerable to toxins
Ecology of eating
Social settings impact how much we eat We eat more around others Unit bias – when helping yourself to portion sizes, size of plates will matter Bigger plates, bigger portions Offer smaller plates, people will take less *New study at Cornell* Serve here, eat there
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa 15% below normal body weight 75% girls Body image issues Come from competitive, high achieving, and protective families Low self evaluations Perfectionist standards
Bulimia Nervosa
Often triggered by a weight loss diet Binge and purge eaters Purging Through vomiting or laxatives Excessive exercise or fasting afterwards Often suffer depression and anxiety Because weight fluctuates near normal body weight, it can be harder to tell
Binge eating disorder
Periods of binge eating and remorse, but no purging, fasting or excessive exercise
Body Dysmorphia
Bigorexia
Eating disorders
Families of anorexia patients tend to be competitive, high achieving and protective Families of bulimia patients have a higher than average incidence of childhood obesity and negative self evaluation Mothers with eating disorders tend to focus on their own weight and their daughters Sufferers have low self evaluations, set unattainable standards and are intensely concerned with how others view them
Identical twins are more likely than fraternal to share disorder Culprit genes?
Body image across cultures Africa and AIDS vs Western Body image and performance Math test 9/10 women would rather have a perfect body than a mate with one 6/10 men preferred the opposite
Obesity and Weight Control
Body stores fat Ideal fuel – high calorie Obesity signals affluence?
US adult obesity rate has doubled in the last 40 years BMI of 30 or more Child/teen obesity has 4x
Obesity
Risks go up for Diabetes Hypertension Heart disease Gall stones Arthritis Certain types of cancer More for apple shaped than pear shaped Pot-bellies vs big hips
Social toxicity?
Obese people are treated differently and viewed differently Make less money?
Marriage Greater than race and gender discrimination Leads to more depression
Physiology of Obesity
Weight gain Consuming more calories than expended Size and number of fat cells Typical adult has 30-40 Billion They can be divided and trigger others to divide – creating 2x as many They may shrink, but never go away
Set Point and Metabolism
Fat cells need less energy to maintain their size Cutting calories is not enough to lose weight Metabolic rate adjusts Large weight loss may be followed by a plateau
Obesity and Genes
Adopted siblings who share meals, weight reflects biological parents Identical twins have similar weights even when reared apart Given an obese parent Boy 3x, girl 6x more likely compared to normal weight parents FTO gene – doubles risk of becoming obese Our genes determine our jeans?
Sexual Motivation
Hormones Estrogen Testosterone Why do American teens have higher rates of pregnancy than Europeans?
Ignorance Minimal communication about birth control Alcohol use Media projections of promiscuity
Sexual Orientation
3-4% of men 1-2% of women According to a survey done in the 1990’s in the US and Europe Not associated with mental health
Sexual Orientation
Fraternal birth order effect Correlation between number of older brothers and being homosexual Each older brother increases the likelihood by 1/3 Many animal species exhibit homosexual behaviors
Motivation – Need to belong
Aides survival Want to belong When we feel accepted by those we care about, we have higher self esteem Sustaining relationships We grow attached with time, and look to hold onto those we grow close to Pain of Ostracism Being shunned, ignored, or rejected can have serious consequences on us psychologically and socially
Unit 8B - Emotion
Whole organism responses including 1. Physiological Arousal – Increased/Decreased Heart Rate 2. Expressive Behaviors Smiling, Frowning 3. Conscious Experience Interpretation of events
Emotion comes from a stimulus So what happens first?
Consciously seeing the stimulus causing physiological response?
Feeling your heart race causes you to be afraid (in some situations)
Stimuli will elicit a response Shaking, accelerated heart rate You become aware of this and start to feel a sense of fear
These stimuli will cause a simultaneous response Both Emotion and Arousal happen at the same time Sense of fear and accelerated heart beat One doesn’t cause the other
Must have both Physiological Arousal AND Cognitive Label – you have to determine which emotion you want to feel If you think you should be afraid, you will be If you think you should be angry, happy, sad, etc We have to label the experience
before
can react to them we
We know how we are going to react to something before we see it Before we “know” what we think about a situation, we know how we feel about it Emotion happens faster than cognition Amygdala – fear center in the brain Automatic reactions
Sometimes our unconscious can interpret information for us How else would we know what we are feeling?
Sometimes we think about it
What happens when you are afraid?
Heart Races Mouth gets dry Stomach reacts Other things you cant feel happen too Blood moves away from your non essential organs Digestion slows Pupils Dilate More sugar into your blood stream
What happens when you are afraid?
Heart Races Mouth gets dry Stomach reacts Other things you cant feel happen too Blood moves away from your non essential organs Digestion slows Pupils Dilate More sugar into your blood stream
Autonomic Nervous System 2 parts – one excites, one calms 1. Sympathetic Nervous System Excites 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System Calms Measuring these systems is how lie detectors work
Nonverbal Communication Body language Facial Expressions Tone of Voice Hand Gestures Your mouth to detect happiness Eyes will show anger and fear
Women Both men and women have an easier time reading the body language of their own gender American women show more emotion when communicating than men
The only emotion men show more than women ANGER 2 Reasons women are better (possibly) 1. Power – one person always has more power than another in any conversation Followers are more sensitive to reading nonverbal cues 2. Environment – if you were raised in a culture that expresses themselves, more likely to do so
Society’s rules governing how you should communicate Baker vs Aziz 1991 “If you don’t leave, we will attack you” didn’t seem like a legit threat because it was said calmly When is it ok to smile?
Germans think we are hiding true emotion – smile too much Japanese culture dictates that it is rude to not smile and to show disappointment – smile all the time
8B - Emotions
Anger Being angry, staying angry can have negative health impacts (increased risks of heart disease) Releasing anger can allow us to achieve an emotional release (catharsis) It can also allow us to get more angry in the future and increase the level of anger we feel
Anger
Best way to handle anger?
1. Wait 2. Deal with it in a way that allows you to move on Don’t let little things fester and grow Don’t stew on old things either, move on
Happiness
Positive emotions fuel upward spirals People who smile naturally generally live happier lives Facial Feedback research pen test/walking test False smiles – MIXED RESEARCH Feel good, do good phenomenon People are more helpful when they are in a good mood
Happiness
Ups and downs of the day Happiness usually rises through the middle part of the day Problems from one day will fade in the next Being really excited and happy also will fade over time Our emotions balance out
Happiness
Does money buy happiness?
73% of Americans say YES How important is it to you?
What are your goals?
Money does correlate with happiness Diminishing returns or diminished marginal utility But not always
Adaptation Level Phenomenon
Harry Helson We adjust to what we have at the moment When we get an increase in pay, academics, or social prestige we experience an increase in pleasure It will level off eventually, until we get our next increase
Happiness and others
Relative deprivation we are worse off to those we compare ourselves with Comparing ourselves to some who have more creates envy Comparing ourselves to those with less, creates contentment Country music?
Predictors of Happiness
Lykken and Tellegen 50% of your happiness is in our genes Self esteem heritable?
Relationships matter too Married people tend to be happier (Germany) Some of it is under our control, some may not be
Stress and Health
Stress can manifest physiologically Rashes, Asthma, Hypertension Health Psychology uses behavioral medicine (behavior and medical knowledge) to determine what behaviors will enable you to live the longest healthiest life What attitudes increase likelihood of certain diseases?
Stress Response System
Fight or Flight – adrenaline Withdrawal – freeze/paralyzed with fear Seeking and giving support More common in women
Tend and befriend
Men turn more to alcohol / withdrawal / aggression
Stress Response System
Hans Selye General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) The body only really has one response to stress, no matter what type of stress it is experiencing 3 Phases Alarm (initial physiological reaction) Resistance (hormones released to cope with stress) Exhaustion
Stress and Life Events
Catastrophes Stress levels recorded worldwide rise during these times (war, natural disasters) Significant life changes Losing a Job/Relative, Marriage, Divorce Daily Hassles Grocery shopping, waiting in traffic Little things can add up over time
Stress and your
Stress causes elevated blood pressure Increases your risk if heart disease Smoking, high fat diet, physical inactivity also Type A – competitive, reactive, verbally aggressive, easily angered Type B – calmer, easy going, relaxed
Stress and your heart
Type A personalities more prone to heart attacks Negative emotions evoke more “fight” More time with blood rushed to muscles away from organs Less time to have blood filtered More time smoking or drinking to relax Pessimistic and depression
Stress and Disease
Psychophysiological illness Illness caused by stress Hypertension and headaches Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) The body’s response to stress can lead to our immune system not working correctly
PNI
Immune system can make 2 big mistakes Attack your own body Underattacking Stress levels can prevent lymphocytes from being produced or produced too much AIDS
Stress and Cancer
Stress can cause cancer more rapidly Blame?
I shouldn’t have let that get to me I should have expressed my feelings more Stress does not cause cancer, it can allow it to grow faster by weakening the body